The Big 5

These 5 things are just some of what every human needs to be able to live a happy, sustainable, healthy and productive life, without abuse or waste. Schools can use these 5 subjects to teach math, science, chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, farming and social intelligence. The needs of people is critical infrastructure.

Water - Food - Shelter - Energy - Education - (Acronym - W.F.S.E.E  - We Finally See)

Fundamental Human Needs - Essential Resources

Subsistence is a means of surviving by having the minimal amount of resources needed to remain in force or in effect. The action of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level. Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid.

Water - Food - Shelter - Living Environment - Amenities - Creature Comforts - Social Setting - Physical Health - Mental Health - Goods - Clothes - Provisions - Basic Income - Values - Knowledge - Work - Rest

Protection is the activity of protecting someone or something from hazards or threats. The condition of being protected. Kindly endorsement and guidance. Defense against financial failure. A covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury. Care.

Adaptability - Autonomy - Security - Mobility - Health Systems - Work Co-Operate - Planning - Help - Social Environment - Dwelling - Loving Parents - Human Rights - Human Values

Opportunity is having a favorable combination of circumstances and having some type of supportive system that makes it possible for a person to have a chance to do something beneficial and to do something of value or to be someone of value. An opportunity is a chance to realize your potential and to explore the possibilities.

The American Dream - Quality of Life - Social Mobility - Green New Deal

Freedom is being free from oppression and coercion, and having immunity from frivolous exercise of authority, as well as the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions.

Autonomy - Passion - Self-Esteem - Open-Mindedness - Equal Rights - Dissent - Choose - Run Risks - Develop - Awareness - Peace - Simplicity - Cooperation - Working Together.

Participation is the act of sharing in the activities of a group. The condition of sharing in common with others.

Receptiveness - Dedication - Sense of Humor - Responsibilities - Duties - Work - Rights Cooperate - Dissent - Express Opinions - Associations - Parties - Churches - Neighborhoods.

Creation is the human act of creating and making something or starting something for the first time and introducing something new.

Imagination - Boldness - Inventiveness - Curiosity - Abilities - Skills - Work - Techniques - Invent - Build - Design - Compose - Interpret - Spaces for Expression - Workshops - Audiences.

Understanding is the capacity for rational thought, inference or discrimination. Understanding based on comprehension and discernment and empathy.

Critical Capacity - Curiosity - Intuition Literature - Teachers - Policies - Educational Analyze - Study - Meditate - Investigate - Schools - Families - Universities - Communities.

Affection is a positive feeling of liking.

Respect - Generosity - Sensuality - Love - Friendships - Family - Relationships - Nature - Sharing - Responsibility - Expression - Emotions - Privacy - Spaces of Togetherness.

Leisure is time available for ease and relaxation and the freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity.

Imagination - Tranquility - Spontaneity - Games - Parties - Peace of Mind - Day-Dream - Remember - Relax - Have Fun - Landscapes - Intimate Spaces - Places to be Alone.

Identity is the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known. The distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity.

Sense of Belonging - Self-Esteem - Consistency - Language - Religions - Work - Customs - Values - Norms - Get to know Oneself - Grow - Commit Oneself - Places one belongs to - Everyday Settings - Diversity.

Fundamental Human Needs (wiki) - Human Values

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Personal security, Financial security, Health and well-being, Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts, Friendship, Intimacy, belongingness, love, family, physiological, esteem, self-actualization, and self-transcendence.

Need is something that is necessary to live, things like clean air, water, food and shelter. There are also many other needs that people require in order to live peacefully, things like security, freedom, respect, and love. When peoples needs are not available, then people will suffer, and when important needs are unavailable, then people could die.

Essential is anything indispensable and something that is absolutely necessary and vital, something of the greatest importance.

Basics - Living Wage

Second Bill of Rights was proposed by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his State of the Union Address on Tuesday, January 11, 1944. In his address, Roosevelt suggested that the nation had come to recognize and should now implement, a second "bill of rights". Roosevelt argued that the "political rights" guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness". His remedy was to declare an "economic bill of rights" to guarantee these specific rights: Employment and the right to work, food, clothing and leisure with enough income to support them. Farmers' rights to a fair income. Freedom from unfair competition and monopolies. Housing. Medical care. Social security. Education.

Quality of Life - Standard of Living

Quality of Life is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. It observes life satisfaction, including everything from physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance and the environment. QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and employment. It is important not to mix up the concept of QOL with a more recent growing area of health related QOL (HRQOL). An assessment of HRQOL is effectively an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health. Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is based primarily on income. Standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), quality of life is defined as “the individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals.” In comparison to WHO's definitions, the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale defines quality of life as “life quality (in this case, physical pain) at a precise moment in time.”

Living Wage - Human Values - Healthy Relationships - Upward Mobility - Developed Country - Value of Life - Wellness - Refrigeration - Heat - Housing

The Good Life or Eudaimonia is happiness or welfare and human flourishing, prosperity and blessedness.

Well-Being is a general term for the condition of an individual or group, for example their social, economic, psychological, spiritual or medical state; a high level of well-being means in some sense the individual or group's condition is positive, while low well-being is associated with negative happenings. In philosophy, the term 'well-being' (and 'welfare', 'utility', etc.) refers to the manner in which an individual's life manifests desires, objectives, and needs—among myriad more diverse variables—and how these affect the individual's perspective.

Amenities are things that make you comfortable and at ease and give you a sense of pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions. Amenity is a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place, or the pleasantness of a place or a person. Amenity is something considered to benefit a location, contribute to its enjoyment, and thereby increase its value. (amenity is from the latin word amoenitās “pleasantness, delightfulness”).

Creature Comforts are material comforts that contribute to physical ease and well-being, such as good food and accommodations. The things that you need to feel comfortable in a place.

Comfort is a state of physical ease and the freedom from pain or constraint, or to ease the grief or the distress of something. Comfort is a sense of physical or psychological ease, often characterized as a lack of hardship. Persons who are lacking in comfort are uncomfortable, or experiencing discomfort. A degree of psychological comfort can be achieved by recreating experiences that are associated with pleasant memories, such as engaging in familiar activities, maintaining the presence of familiar objects, and consumption of healthy foods. Comfort is a particular concern in health care, as providing comfort to the sick and injured is one goal of healthcare, and can facilitate recovery. Persons who are surrounded with things that provide psychological comfort may be described as "in their comfort zone". Because of the personal nature of positive associations, psychological comfort is highly subjective.

Standard of Living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area, usually a country. The standard of living includes factors such as income, quality and availability of employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality and affordability of housing, hours of work required to purchase necessities, gross domestic product, inflation rate, amount of leisure time every year, affordable (or free) access to quality healthcare, quality and availability of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, cost of goods and services, infrastructure, national economic growth, economic and political stability, political and religious freedom, environmental quality, climate and safety. The standard of living is closely related to Quality of Life. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, income growth inequality, and educational standards are also used. Examples are access to certain goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measurement of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a time or place are able to satisfy their needs and/or wants. The main idea of a 'standard' may be contrasted with the quality of life, which takes into account not only the material standard of living, but also other more intangible aspects that make up human life, such as leisure, safety, cultural resources, social life, physical health, environmental quality issues etc. The means of measuring well-being must be employed to make such judgments, and these are very often political, thus controversial. Even between two nations or societies that have similar material standards of living, quality of life factors may in fact make one of these places more attractive to a given individual or group. Low Standard of Living is when people have very little money and do not have enough food or water or have a lack of food or water, as well as, lack jobs, have insufficient health care services and lack public transportation, which may be from government oppression, and many other factors. High Standard of Living is when people are wealthy and can buy anything they want or need and have access to necessary public services. Canada is perceived as being number one in Quality of Life Rankings.

Livelihood refers to the means of securing the basic necessities -food, water, shelter and clothing- of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities, involving securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing and the capacity to acquire above necessities working either individually or as a group by using endowments (both human and material) for meeting the requirements of the self and his/her household on a sustainable basis with dignity. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly. For instance, a fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish.

Life Satisfaction is the way people show their emotions and feelings and how they feel about their directions and options for the future. It is a measure of well-being and may be assessed in terms of mood, satisfaction with relations with others and with achieved goals, self-concepts, and self-perceived ability to cope with daily life. It is having a favorable attitude of one's life as a whole rather than an assessment of current feelings. Life satisfaction has been measured in relation to economic standing, amount of education, experiences, and residence, as well as many other topics. Life satisfaction is a key part of subjective wellbeing, which is a self-reported measure of well-being, typically obtained by questionnaire. Differences in experience can greatly shape the way that we observe and engage with the world around us. It can influence the way we speak to people, the way we act in public, and our general outlook. These experiences which shape the way we think about our surroundings affect our life-satisfaction. Someone who has the tendency to see the world in a more negative light may have a completely different level of satisfaction than someone who is constantly admiring the beauty of their surroundings. People who engage with more stress on average tend to have higher levels of stress can contribute to higher levels of self-report life satisfaction, as long as those who understand how to deal with their stress in a positive way. It is proposed that overall life satisfaction comes from within an individual based on the individual's personal values and what he or she holds important. For some it is family, for others it is love, and for others, it is money or other material items; either way, it varies from one person to another.

Happiness Economics is the quantitative and theoretical study of happiness, positive and negative affect, well-being, quality of life, life satisfaction and related concepts, typically combining economics with other fields such as psychology, health and sociology. It typically treats such happiness-related measures, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized. The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness and related concepts. Its findings have been described as a challenge to the economics profession.

Happy Planet Index is an index of human well-being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in July 2006. The index is weighted to give progressively higher scores to nations with lower ecological footprints. The index is designed to challenge well-established indices of countries’ development, such as the gross domestic product (GDP) and the Human Development Index (HDI), which are seen as not taking sustainability into account. In particular, GDP is seen as inappropriate, as the usual ultimate aim of most people is not to be rich, but to be happy and healthy. Furthermore, it is believed that the notion of sustainable development requires a measure of the environmental costs of pursuing those goals. Out of the 178 countries surveyed in 2006, the best scoring countries were Vanuatu, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, and Panama. In 2009, Costa Rica was the best scoring country among the 143 analyzed, followed by the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Guatemala and Vietnam. Tanzania, Botswana and Zimbabwe were featured at the bottom of the list. For the 2012 ranking, 151 countries were compared, and the best scoring country for the second time in a row was Costa Rica, followed by Vietnam, Colombia, Belize and El Salvador. The lowest ranking countries in 2012 were Botswana, Chad and Qatar. In 2016, out of 140 countries, Costa Rica topped the index for the third time in a row. It was followed by Mexico, Colombia, Vanuatu and Vietnam. At the bottom were Chad, Luxembourg and Togo.

The American Dream - What is Life Supposed to be like?

Life Satisfaction is the evaluation of a person's quality of life. It is assessed in terms of mood, relationship satisfaction, achieved goals, self-concepts, and self-perceived ability to cope with life. Life satisfaction involves a favorable attitude towards one's life—rather than an assessment of current feelings. Life satisfaction has been measured in relation to economic standing, degree of education, experiences, residence, and other factors. Satisfaction With Life Scale.

Subjective Well-Being is a self-reported measure of well-being, typically obtained by questionnaire.

Well-being contributing factors are eudaimonia, happiness, flourishing, quality of life, contentment, and meaningful life.

Meaningful Life is a construct having to do with the purpose, significance, fulfillment, and satisfaction of life.

Eudaimonic measures seek to quantify traits like virtue and wisdom as well as concepts related to fulfilling our potential such as meaning, purpose, and flourishing. Eudaimonia the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'. Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being" self-discovery; perceived development of one's best potentials; a sense of purpose and meaning in life; investment of significant effort in pursuit of excellence; intense involvement in activities; and enjoyment of activities as personally expressive.

Freedom to Explore and Develop

Fulfillment is the achievement of something desired, promised, or predicted. A feeling of satisfaction at having achieved your desires. The meeting of a requirement or condition. Opportunity.

Self-Fulfillment is the satisfaction or happiness as a result of fully developing one's abilities or character. is the realizing of one's deepest desires and capacities. actualization.

Social Mobility or upward mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. Mobility Rights.

Work Your Way Up is to achieve a better position within the organization hierarchy. To make progress by getting promotions or pay raises or by getting a better job.

Climb the Corporate Ladder is to climb up or advance a company's employment hierarchy. Entry-level positions are considered the bottom of the ladder, while upper management and executives are at the top.

Higher Education Problems - Lower Education Problems - Equality - Free Will Illusion - American Dream

Vitality is the capacity to live, grow, or develop. Vitality is also the characteristic that distinguishes living from non-living things.

Economic Freedom Index measures the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations and their basic institutions that protects the liberty of individuals to pursue their own economic interests result in greater prosperity for the larger society. Democracy Index.

Human Freedom Index are measures that encompass personal, civil, and economic freedom. The index presents a broad measure of human freedom, understood as the absence of coercive constraint. It uses 79 distinct indicators of personal and economic freedom. The index covers the following areas: Rule of Law, Security and Safety, Movement, Religion, Association, Assembly, Civil Society, Expression, Relationships, Size of Government, Legal System and Property Rights, Access to Sound Money, Freedom to Trade Internationally, and Regulation of Credit, Labor, and Business. The American Dream.

Social Progress Index measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-four indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of well-being, and opportunity to progress show the relative performance of nations. The index is published by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative, and is based on the writings of Amartya Sen, Douglass North, and Joseph Stiglitz. The SPI measures the well-being of a society by observing social and environmental outcomes directly rather than the economic factors. The social and environmental factors include wellness (including health, shelter and sanitation), equality, inclusion, sustainability and personal freedom and safety. Social Progress.org.

Moral Freedom Index is an international index ranking one hundred and sixty countries on their performance on five categories of indicators: religious freedom (taking into account both the freedom to practice any religion or none, and the situation of religious control on the state); bioethical freedom (including the legal status of abortion, euthanasia and other practices pertaining to bioethics, like surrogacy or stem cell research); drugs freedom (including the legal status of cannabis and the country's general policy on hard drugs); sexual freedom (including the legal status of pornography and sex services among consenting adults, and the country's age of sexual consent), and family and gender freedom (including women's freedom of movement, the legal status of cohabitation of unmarried couples, same sex marriage and the situation of transgender people). Press Freedom Index.

Per Capita Income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population. GDP.

Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Human Development Index - List of Countries (wiki)

Human Capital Index is an annual measurement that measures which countries are best in mobilizing their human capital, the economic and professional potential of their citizens. The measurement also measures how much capital each country loses through lack of education and health. Competence Testing.

Millennium Development Goals - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Achieve universal primary education. Promote gender equality and empower women. Reduce child mortality. Improve maternal health. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. Ensure environmental sustainability. Develop a global partnership for development.

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015 - PDF - Center for Global Development

Human Development in humanity is a concept within a field of international development. It involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the United Nations. It is an alternative approach to a single focus on economic growth, and focused more on social justice, as a way of understanding progress. Human Development is the process of enlarging people's choices, said choices allowing them to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated, to enjoy a decent standard of living, as well as political freedom, other guaranteed human rights and various ingredients of self-respect.

Human Centered Design - Human Values - Social Knowledge - Development

Testable Laws of Nature on Planet Earth: Where Science, Environment and Social Development are inseparable.

The End of Ownership (VPRO Backlight, 47:52)

Commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately.

National Goals of the U.S. President's Commission was organized in February 1960 as a non-official body whose purpose was to develop a broad outline of national objectives and programs for the next decade and longer.

The American Assembly is a think tank at Columbia University, founded in 1950 by General Dwight Eisenhower. It has become his most enduring achievement and legacy as president of Columbia. For over 60 years, it has fostered nonpartisan public-policy discussions by convening, research, and publication. Over 100 "American Assemblies" have been held on topics ranging from prison reform to healthcare to nuclear disarmament. In recent years, Assembly projects have made a wide range of contributions to economic, urban, and cultural policy, including projects on workforce development, financial regulation, and the role of the arts in American universities.

Independent, not Dependent. Form Follows Function

Responsibility - Gross National Product

ALICE is an acronym that stands for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed. ALICE represents the households with income above the Federal Poverty Level but below the basic cost of living. Poverty - Income Levels.

A Good Life for All within the Planet’s Means. A study led by the University of Leeds has found that no country currently meets its citizens’ basic needs at a globally sustainable level of resource use.

Development Aid is aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries. Closely-related concepts include: foreign aid, international aid, overseas aid, developmental aid, development assistance, official development assistance (ODA), development cooperation and technical assistance. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by aiming at a sustained improvement in the conditions in a developing country, rather than short-term relief. Development aid is thus widely seen as a major way to meet Sustainable Development Goal 1 (end poverty in all its forms everywhere) for the developing nations. Aid may be bilateral: given from one country directly to another; or it may be multilateral: given by the donor country to an international organisation such as the World Bank or the United Nations Agencies (UNDP, UNICEF, UNAIDS, etc.) which then distributes it among the developing countries. The proportion is currently about 70% bilateral 30% multilateral. About 80% of the aid measured by the OECD comes from government sources as official development assistance (ODA). The remaining 20% or so comes from individuals, businesses, charitable foundations or NGOs (e.g., Oxfam). Most development aid comes from the Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid. Development aid is not usually understood as including remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora--even though these form a significant amount of international transfer--as the recipients of remittances are usually individuals and families rather than formal projects and programmes. Some governments also include military assistance in the notion of "foreign aid", although the international community does not usually regard military aid as development aid.

International Development or global development is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of "development" on an international scale. It is the basis for international classifications such as developed country, developing country and least developed country, and for a field of practice and research that in various ways engages with international development processes. There are, however, many schools of thought and conventions regarding which are the exact features constituting the "development" of a country. Historically, development has often been largely synonymous with economic development. More recently, writers and practitioners have begun to discuss development in the more holistic and multi-disciplinary sense of human development. Other related concepts are, for instance, competitiveness, quality of life or subjective well-being. "International development" is different from the simple concept of "development". Whereas the latter, at its most basic, denotes simply the idea of change through time, international development has come to refer to a distinct field of practice, industry, and research; the subject of university courses and professional categorisations. It remains closely related to the set of institutions—especially the Bretton Woods Institutions—that arose after the Second World War with a focus on economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving living conditions in previously colonised countries. The international community has codified development aims in, for instance, the Millennium Development Goals (2000 to 2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030).

United States Agency for International Development is an independent agency of the United States federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance. USAID's decentralized network of resident field missions is drawn on to manage U.S. Government (USG) programs in low-income countries for a range of purposes. Disaster relief, Poverty relief, Technical cooperation on global issues, including the environment, U.S. bilateral interests, Socioeconomic development.

Developing Country is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index or HDI relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. The term low and middle-income country (LMIC) is often used interchangeably but refers only to the economy of the countries. The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four groups, based on Gross National Income per capita: high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries. Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are all sub-groupings of developing countries. Countries on the other end of the spectrum are usually referred to as high-income countries or developed countries. Developing countries tend to have some characteristics in common often due to their histories or geographies. For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g. air pollution, indoor air pollution, water pollution); high proportion of people with tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases); a high number of road traffic accidents; and generally poor infrastructure. Often, there is also widespread poverty, low education levels, inadequate access to family planning services, many informal settlements, corruption at all government levels, and a lack of so-called good governance. Global warming (climate change) is expected to impact developing countries more than wealthier countries, as most of them have a high "climate vulnerability". Development aid or development cooperation is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support developing countries' economic, environmental, social, and political development. The Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations were set up to overcome many of these problems.

Path to prosperity for planet and people shrinking rapidly, scientists warn. Our planet will only remain able to provide even the most basic standard of living for everyone in the future if economic systems and technologies are dramatically transformed and critical resources are more fairly used, managed and shared, a new report shows.

Pillars of Development

Pillar is a fundamental principle or practice.
Five Pillars Development Model: Education, Water, Health, Food, Opportunity.
Five Pillars Development Model: Education, Clean Water & Sanitation, Food & Nutrition, Healthcare and Income Training & Empowerment.

4 Pillars of Human Development

Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everyone.
Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities.
Productivity means human labor productivity or productivity in terms of human work.
Empowerment means to have the power to make choices.

The New Deal - 1933

New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs": relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Huey Long's Share Our Wealth Speech in 1934 (assassinated 1935).

The Emergency Conservation Work Act of 1933 mandated that the Civilian Conservation Corps or CCC, recruit unemployed young men from urban areas to perform conservation work throughout the nation's forests, parks, and fields. The Emergency Conservation Program helps farmers and ranchers to repair damage to farmlands caused by natural disasters and to help put in place methods for water conservation during severe drought. The ECP does this by giving ranchers and farmers funding and assistance to repair the damaged farmland or to install methods for water conservation.

Civilian Conservation Corps was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was eventually expanded to ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency, succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner's death. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Through the course of its nine years in operation, 3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a wage of $30 (equivalent to $590 in 2019) per month ($25 of which had to be sent home to their families). The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs. Sources written at the time claimed an individual's enrollment in the CCC led to improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources, and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans. Approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program.

Civilian Conservation Corps (vimeo) - A Civilian Climate Corps - Americorps.gov

Great Depression began with the Wall Street Crash in October 1929. The stock market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth as well as for personal advancement. Altogether, there was a general loss of confidence in the economic future.

The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California along with thousands of other "Okies" seeking jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Fair Deal - 1945

Fair Deal were important proposals to aid education, universal health insurance, the Fair Employment Practices Commission, and repeal of the Taft–Hartley Act. They were all debated at length, then voted down. Truman administration, from 1945 to 1953.

Great Society - 1964

Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The main goal was the total elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched during this period. The program and its initiatives were subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s and years following. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He was appointed on November 22, 1963, after President Kennedy was assassinated. He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level. The following year Johnson was elected to the presidency when he won in a landslide against Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. Johnson received 61.1% of the popular vote in the 1964 presidential election; this makes his victory the largest share of the popular vote of any candidate since James Monroe's victory in 1820. Born in a farmhouse in Stonewall, Texas, to a local political family, Johnson worked as a high school teacher and a congressional aide before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937. He won election to the United States Senate in 1948 after narrowly winning the Democratic Party's nomination. He was appointed to the position of Senate Majority Whip in 1951. He became the Senate Democratic leader in 1953 and majority leader in 1954. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River. He was the eldest of five children born to Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. and Rebekah Baines. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia. The nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJ's father's cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Georgia. Johnson had English-Irish, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry. Through his mother, he was a great-grandson of pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana. Baines was also the president of Baylor University during the American Civil War. In school, Johnson was a talkative youth who was elected president of his 11th-grade class. He graduated in 1924 from Johnson City High School, where he participated in public speaking, debate, and baseball. At the age of 15, Johnson was the youngest member of his class. Pressured by his parents to attend college, he enrolled at a "sub college" of Southwest Texas State Teachers College (SWTSTC) in the summer of 1924, where students from unaccredited high schools could take the 12th-grade courses needed for admission to college. He left the school just weeks after his arrival and decided to move to southern California. He worked at his cousin's legal practice and in various odd jobs before returning to Texas, where he worked as a day laborer. In 1926, Johnson managed to enroll at SWTSTC (now Texas State University). He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus politics, and edited the school newspaper, The College Star. The college years refined his skills of persuasion and political organization. For nine months, from 1928 to 1929, Johnson paused his studies to teach Mexican–American children at the segregated Welhausen School in Cotulla, some 90 miles (140 km) south of San Antonio in La Salle County. The job helped him to save money to complete his education, and he graduated in 1930 with a Bachelor of Science degree in history and his certificate of qualification as a high school teacher. He briefly taught at Pearsall High School before taking a position as teacher of public speaking at Sam Houston High School in Houston. When he returned to San Marcos in 1965, after signing the Higher Education Act of 1965, Johnson reminisced: I shall never forget the faces of the boys and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed to practically every one of those children because they were too poor. And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American. Major legislation LBJ signed:
1963: Clean Air Act of 1963.
1963: Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963.
1963: Vocational Education Act of 1963.
1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964.
1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964.
1964: Wilderness Act.
1964: Nurse Training Act of 1964.
1964: Food Stamp Act of 1964.
1964: Economic Opportunity Act.
1964: Housing Act of 1964.
1965: Higher Education Act of 1965.
1965: Older Americans Act.
1965: Coinage Act of 1965.
1965: Social Security Act of 1965.
1965: Voting Rights Act of 1965.
1965: Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965.
1966: Animal Welfare Act of 1966.
1966: Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
1967: Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
1967: Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.
1968: Architectural Barriers Act of 1968.
1968: Bilingual Education Act.
1968: Civil Rights Act of 1968.
1968: Gun Control Act of 1968.

Green New Deal - 2019

Green New Deal is a set of proposed economic stimulus programs on March 25, 2019 in the United States that aims to address climate change and economic inequality. "Guaranteeing a job with a family-sustaining wage, adequate family and medical leave, paid vacations, and retirement security to all people of the United States." "Providing all people of the United States with — (i) high-quality health care; (ii) affordable, safe, and adequate housing; (iii) economic security; and (iv) access to clean water, clean air, healthy and affordable food, and nature." "Providing resources, training, and high-quality education, including higher education, to all people of the United States." "Meeting 100 percent of the power demand in the United States through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources." "Repairing and upgrading the infrastructure in the United States. Eliminating pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as much as technologically feasible." "Building or upgrading to energy-efficient, distributed, and ‘smart’ power grids, and working to ensure affordable access to electricity." "Upgrading all existing buildings in the United States and building new buildings to achieve maximal energy efficiency, water efficiency, safety, affordability, comfort, and durability, including through electrification." "Overhauling transportation systems in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector as much as is technologically feasible, including through investment in — (i) zero-emission vehicle infrastructure and manufacturing; (ii) clean, affordable, and accessible public transportation; and (iii) high-speed rail." "Spurring massive growth in clean manufacturing in the United States and removing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing and industry as much as is technologically feasible." "Working collaboratively with farmers and ranchers in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector as much as is technologically feasible." Ocasio Cortez Green New Deal.

Build Back Better Act - 2021

Build Back Better Act is a bill introduced in the 117th Congress to fulfill aspects of President Joe Biden's Build Back Better Plan. Plan was divided into three parts. The American Rescue Plan, a COVID-19 relief package, was signed into law in March 2021. The other two parts were reworked into different bills over the course of extensive negotiations. The American Jobs Plan was a proposal to rebuild America's infrastructure and create jobs, and the American Families Plan was a proposal to invest in areas related to childcare and education. Much of the AJP was incorporated into the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, passed by the Senate in August 2021. It will likely receive a House vote in tandem with the Build Back Better Act, a human infrastructure bill which incorporates some proposals from the American Families Plan. The bill would have provided funding for: management of the National Forest System; job placement and career services; safe drinking water, energy-efficiency, and weatherization projects; electric vehicles and zero-emission, heavy-duty vehicles; public health infrastructure and supply chain resiliency; housing, rental, and homeowner assistance programs; cybersecurity programs; tribal infrastructure, housing, environmental, and health programs; wildfire prevention, drought relief, conservation efforts, and climate change research; small business assistance and development; transit services and clean energy projects in low-income communities; and infrastructure and administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Additionally, the bill would have established programs to provide: up to six semesters of free community college, free child care for children under the age of six, free universal preschool services, and health benefits for eligible individuals who reside in states that have not expanded Medicaid. The bill also included provisions that would: establish a methane fee for certain petroleum and natural gas facilities; expand Medicare to cover dental, hearing, and vision care; provide certain aliens with a path to permanent resident status (e.g., those who entered the United States as minors); provide up to 12 weeks of paid family and medical leave; restructure and increase the tax rates for certain corporations and high-income individuals (e.g., individuals with income over $400,000); and require the Department of Health and Human Services to negotiate maximum prices for certain brand-name drugs under Medicare. Revised Version: The revised version of the bill is expected to cost around $1.75 trillion. The White House's legislative framework includes:$555 billion for clean energy and climate change provisions. $400 billion for childcare and preschools. $200 billion for child tax and earned income tax credits. $150 billion for home care.$150 billion for housing. $130 billion for Affordable Care Act credits. $90 billion for equity and other investments. $40 billion for higher education and workforce. $35 billion to expand Medicare to hearing services. The pending payment methods are: $400 billion from IRS reform, including the enforcement of tax payments from taxpayers making over $400,000. $350 billion by imposing a 15% minimum tax on foreign corporate profits. $325 billion via a 15% corporate minimum tax (applying to corporations making over $1 billion for three consecutive years). $250 billion by closing a Medicare tax loophole benefiting the wealthy. $230 billion from an adjusted gross income surcharge on the 0.02% most wealthy, applying a 5% rate for those who make $10 million, and an additional 3% surtax above $25 million. $170 billion by reducing business losses of the wealthy. $145 billion by repealing the 2017 tax act's rebate rule regarding prescription drugs. $125 billion via a 1% surcharge on corporate stock buybacks.

Inflation Reduction Act aims to curb inflation by possibly reducing the federal government budget deficit, lowering prescription drug prices, and investing into domestic energy production while promoting clean energy. It was passed by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 16, 2022.

Climate Corps is a new initiative to train young people in high-demand skills for jobs in the clean energy economy. The American Climate Corps will put a new generation of Americans to work conserving our lands and waters, bolstering community resilience, advancing environmental justice, deploying clean energy, implementing energy efficient technologies, and tackling climate change. American Climate Corps members will gain the skills necessary to access good-paying jobs that are aligned with high-quality employment opportunities after they complete their paid training or service program.

The Big Five Big Deal - 202?

Water - Food - Shelter - Energy - Education - (Acronym - W.F.S.E.E  - We Finally See)

True Cost is determined by the amount of the number of people it will take to perform any one of the Big 5 Responsibilities. The time needed to complete the tasks in each category and subcategory of the Big 5. The resources needed to complete the task. Environmental impacts, alternatives and choices. Quantity needed will vary depending on required output. Required amounts of Food and Water that are Necessary may vary depending on the location and region of the planet because of usable land and rainfall. Free Trade. 

Create Jobs for Every Man and Women on the Planet (Repair, Restore, Maintain, Manage).

Waste = Food (video) - Sustainable, Reusable and Recyclable - Minerals, Land, Wood, Water, Air, Technology.

Life Cycle Assessment - Reverse Innovation

The Big 5 are common Needs. Things that we can Measure and Predict. Things that can be Confirmed and Repeated in Tests using People, Time and Resources. The first thing we teach is why the Big 5 is extremely important to every Human. Working Together.

Economic Security – Economic security requires an assured basic income for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as a last resort, from a publicly financed safety net. In this sense, only about a quarter of the world's people are presently economically secure. While the economic security problem may be more serious in developing countries, concern also arises in developed countries as well. Unemployment problems constitute an important factor underlying political tensions and ethnic violence.

Food Security – Food security requires that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food. According to the United Nations, the overall availability of food is not a problem, rather the problem often is the poor distribution of food and a lack of purchasing power. In the past, food security problems have been dealt with at both national and global levels. However, their impacts are limited. According to UN, the key is to tackle the problems relating to access to assets, work and assured income (related to economic security).

Health Security – Health Security aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. In developing countries, the major causes of death traditionally were infectious and parasitic diseases, whereas in industrialized countries, the major killers were diseases of the circulatory system. Today, lifestyle-related chronic diseases are leading killers worldwide, with 80 percent of deaths from chronic diseases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. According to the United Nations, in both developing and industrial countries, threats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas, particularly children. This is due to malnutrition and insufficient access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities.

Environmental Security – Environmental security aims to protect people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment. In developing countries, lack of access to clean water resources is one of the greatest environmental threats. In industrial countries, one of the major threats is air pollution. Global warming, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, is another environmental security issue. Open Source Ecology - Marcin Jakubowski (youtube).

Personal Security – Personal security aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults. For many people, the greatest source of anxiety is crime, particularly violent crime. Human Security understanding global vulnerabilities.

Community Security – Community security aims to protect people from the loss of traditional relationships and values and from sectarian and ethnic violence. Traditional communities, particularly minority ethnic groups are often threatened. About half of the world's states have experienced some inter-ethnic strife. The United Nations declared 1993 the Year of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing vulnerability of the 300 million aboriginal people in 70 countries as they face a widening spiral of violence.

Political Security – Political security is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human rights. According to a survey conducted by Amnesty International, political repression, systematic torture, ill treatment or disappearance was still practiced in 110 countries. Human rights violations are most frequent during periods of political unrest. Along with repressing individuals and groups, governments may try to exercise control over ideas and information.

The major problem with our Government is that it's riddled with incompetence and corruption. A system that depends on money and not people, is pure ignorance. And poverty and abuse is the end result. The only true way to defend people against a flawed society is to teach essential knowledge and information to every human being on this planet. When we fix our education system, then we will be on are way to a better world for all. One of the first things that every society needs to do is to provide the big 5, Food, Water, Shelter, Energy and Education. All Five are equally important and all five are connected. Dichotomy is a partition of a whole or a set into two parts or subsets. In other words, this couple of parts must be jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and mutually exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts. Remove any one item and you will diminish life, create suffering and cause death. Being counter productive and making people vulnerable is not logical.

Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society. The lack or denial of something considered to be a necessity.

Human Values

Basic Human Values is a basic measurement of universal values that are recognized throughout all major cultures. The theory of basic human values recognizes these universal values: openness to change, self-direction, self-transcendence, independent thought and independent action such as choosing, creating and exploring. Human values also include the need for universalism understanding, appreciation, tolerance, protection for the welfare of all people, benevolence, preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact with in a group, and the protection of nature. Human values also include the need for access to resources, conservation, security, safety, harmony, healthy relationships, stability of society, knowledge of self, stimulating excitement, novelty, challenge in life, self-enhancement, sensuous gratification, and the achievement of personal success by demonstrating competence according to social standards. Human values also include restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses that are likely to upset others or harm others or violate social expectations or norms. Human values also include tradition respect of customs and ideas of a culture or religion that does not disrespect others or harm others who also deserve equal respect. Spirituality was considered as an additional value, however, it was found that it did not exist in all cultures. Although the theory distinguishes ten values, the borders between the motivators are artificial and one value flows into the next. Furthermore, people are still able to follow opposing values through acting differently in different settings or at different times. These values have been supported across over 80 countries. People also considered power, control over people, social status, prestige and conformity as being valued, but not as much as having commonalities.

Utility - Worth - Goodness - Simplicity - Core Values - Human Operating System - Human Nature - Sharing

Universal Value is a value the has the same value or worth for all people. Spheres of human value encompass morality, aesthetic preference, human traits, human endeavour, and social order. Values can be split into two categories, there are individual values, which pertains to something that we think has worth and then there are social values. Social values are our desires modified according to ethical principles or according to the group, we associate with: friends, family, or co-workers. Norms tell us what people ought to do in a given situation. Unlike values, norms are enforced externally – or outside of oneself. A society as a whole determines norms, and they can be passed down from generation to generation.

Shalom H. Schwartz who is a social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher, did some research and his results from a series of studies included surveys of more than 25,000 people in 44 countries with a wide range of different cultural types suggest that there are fifty-six specific universal values and ten types of universal value. Schwartz's ten types of universal value are: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security. Below are each of the value types, with the specific related values alongside: Power: authority; leadership; dominance, social power, wealth. Achievement: success; capability; ambition; influence; intelligence; self-respect. Hedonism: pleasure; enjoying life. Stimulation: daring activities; varied life; exciting life. Self-direction: creativity; freedom; independence; curiosity; choosing your own goals. Universalism: broadmindedness; wisdom; social justice; equality; a world at peace; a world of beauty; unity with nature; protecting the environment; inner harmony. Benevolence: helpfulness; honesty; forgiveness; loyalty; responsibility; friendship. Tradition: accepting one's portion in life; humility; devoutness; respect for tradition; moderation. Conformity: self-discipline; obedience. Security: cleanliness; family security; national security; stability of social order; reciprocation of favours; health; sense of belonging. Schwartz also tested an eleventh possible universal value, 'spirituality', or 'the goal of finding meaning in life', but found that it does not seem to be recognized in all cultures.

World Values Survey is a global research project that explores people's values and beliefs, how they change over time, and what social and political impact they have. Since 1981 a worldwide network of social scientists have conducted representative national surveys as part of WVS in almost 100 countries. The WVS measures, monitors and analyzes: support for democracy, tolerance of foreigners and ethnic minorities, support for gender equality, the role of religion and changing levels of religiosity, the impact of globalization, attitudes toward the environment, work, family, politics, national identity, culture, diversity, insecurity, and subjective well-being. The findings provide information for policy makers seeking to build civil society and democratic institutions in developing countries. The work is also frequently used by governments around the world, scholars, students, journalists and international organizations and institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations (UNDP and UN-Habitat). Data from the World Values Survey have (for example) been used to better understand the motivations behind events such as the Arab Spring, the 2005 French civil unrest, the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and the Yugoslav wars and political upheaval in the 1990s. Romano Prodi, former Prime Minister of Italy and the tenth President of the European Commission, said about WVS work: The growing globalization of the world makes it increasingly important to understand ... diversity. People with varying beliefs and values can live together and work together productively, but for this to happen it is crucial to understand and appreciate their distinctive worldviews. Analysis of WVS data made by political scientists Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel asserts that there are two major dimensions of cross cultural variation in the world: Traditional values versus Secular-rational values and Survival values versus Self-expression values. The global cultural map shows how scores of societies are located on these two dimensions. Moving upward on this map reflects the shift from Traditional values to Secular-rational and moving rightward reflects the shift from Survival values to Self–expression values.

Distributive Justice concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods in a society. A society in which incidental inequalities in outcome do not arise would be considered a society guided by the principles of distributive justice. The concept includes the available quantities of goods, the process by which goods are to be distributed, and the resulting allocation of the goods to the members of the society. Value of Life - Quality of Life.

Huey Long - The King Fish - 1934

Huey Long's Share Our Wealth Speech “EVERY MAN A KING” Share Our Wealth Radio Speech by Senator Huey P. Long, of Louisiana, February 23, 1934. Is that a right of life when the young children of this country are being reared into a sphere which is more owned by 12 men than it is by 120,000,000 people?” Huey Long unveiled his “Share Our Wealth” plan, a program designed to provide a decent standard of living to all Americans by spreading the nation’s wealth among the people. Long proposed capping personal fortunes at $50 million each (roughly $600 million in today's dollars) through a restructured, progressive federal tax code and sharing the resulting revenue with the public through government benefits and public works. In subsequent speeches and writings, he revised his graduated tax levy on wealth over $1 million to cap fortunes at $5 - $8 million (or $60 - $96 million today). Ladies and Gentlemen: —  I have only 30 minutes in which to speak to you this evening, and I, therefore, will not be able to discuss in detail so much as I can write when I have all of the time and space that is allowed me for the subjects, but I will undertake to sketch them very briefly without manuscript or preparation, so that you can understand them so well as I can tell them to you tonight. I contend, my friends, that we have no difficult problem to solve in America, and that is the view of nearly everyone with whom I have discussed the matter here in Washington and elsewhere throughout the United States—that we have no very difficult problem to solve. It is not the difficulty of the problem which we have; it is the fact that the rich people of this country—and by rich people I mean the super-rich—will not allow us to solve the problems, or rather the one little problem that is afflicting this country, because in order to cure all of our woes it is necessary to scale down the big fortunes, that we may scatter the wealth to be shared by all of the people. We have a marvelous love for this Government of ours; in fact, it is almost a religion, and it is well that it should be, because we have a splendid form of government and we have a splendid set of laws. We have everything here that we need, except that we have neglected the fundamentals upon which the American Government was principally predicated. How many of you remember the first thing that the Declaration of Independence said? It said: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that there are certain inalienable rights for the people, and among them are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" and it said further, "We hold the view that all men are created equal." Now, what did they mean by that? Did they mean, my friends, to say that all men are created equal and that that meant that any one man was born to inherit $10,000,000,000 and that another child was to be born to inherit nothing? Did that mean, my friends, that someone would come into this world without having had an opportunity, of course, to have hit one lick of work, should be born with more than it and all of its children and children's children could ever dispose of, but that another one would have to be born into a life of starvation? That was not the meaning of the Declaration of Independence when it said that all men are created equal or "That we hold that all men are created equal." Nor was it the meaning of the Declaration of Independence when it said that they held that there were certain rights that were inalienable—the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.Is that right of life, my friends, when the young children of this country are being reared into a sphere which is more owned by 12 men than it by 120,000,000 people? Is that, my friends, giving them a fair shake of the dice or anything like the inalienable right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, or anything resembling the fact that all people are created equal; when we have today in America thousands and hundreds of thousands and millions of children on the verge of starvation in a land that is overflowing with too much to eat and too much to wear? I do not think you will contend that, and I do not think for a moment that they will contend it. Now let us see if we cannot return this Government to the Declaration of Independence and see if we are going to do anything regarding it. Why should we hesitate or why should we quibble or why should we quarrel with one another to find out what the difficulty is, when we know that the Lord told us what the difficulty is, and Moses wrote it out so a blind man could see it, then Jesus told us all about it, and it was later written in the Book of James, where everyone could read it? I refer to the Scriptures, now, my friends, and give you what it says not for the purpose of convincing you of the wisdom of myself, not for the purpose, ladies and gentlemen, of convincing you of the fact that I am quoting the Scriptures means that I am to be more believed than someone else; but I quote you the Scripture, or rather refer you to the Scripture, because whatever you see there you may rely upon will never be disproved so long as you or your children or anyone may live; and you may further depend upon the fact that not one historical fact that the Bible has ever contained has ever yet been disproved by any scientific discovery or by reason of anything that has been disclosed to man through his own individual mind or through the wisdom of the Lord which the Lord has allowed him to have. But the Scripture says, ladies and gentlemen, that no country can survive, or for a country to survive it is necessary that we keep the wealth scattered among the people, that nothing should keep the wealth scattered among the people, that nothing should be held permanently by any one person, and that 50 years seems to be the year of jubilee in which all property would be scattered about and returned to the sources from which it originally came, and every seventh year debt should be remitted. Those two things the Almighty said to be necessary—I should say He knew to be necessary, or else He would not have so prescribed that the property would be kept among the general run of the people, and that everyone would continue to share in it; so that no one man would get half of it and hand it down to a son, who takes half of what was left, and that son hand it down to another one, who would take half of what was left, until, like a snowball going downhill, all of the snow was off of the ground except what the snowball had. I believe that was the judgment and the view and the law of the Lord, that we would have to distribute wealth ever so often, in order that there could not be people starving to death in a land of plenty, as there is in America today. We have in America today more wealth, more goods, more food, more clothing, more houses than we have ever had. We have everything in abundance here. We have the farm problem, my friends, because we have too much cotton, because we have too much wheat, and have too much corn, and too much potatoes. We have a home loan problem, because we have too many houses, and yet nobody can buy them and live in them. We have trouble, my friends, in the country, because we have too much money owing, the greatest indebtedness that has ever been given to civilization, where it has been shown that we are incapable of distributing the actual things that are here, because the people have not money enough to supply themselves with them, and because the greed of a few men is such that they think it is necessary that they own everything, and their pleasure consists in the starvation of the masses, and in their possessing things they cannot use, and their children cannot use, but who bask in the splendor of sunlight and wealth, casting darkness and despair and impressing it on everyone else. "So, therefore," said the Lord in effect, "if you see these things that now have occurred and exist in this and other countries, there must be a constant scattering of wealth in any country if this country is to survive." "Then," said the Lord, in effect, "every seventh year there shall be a remission of debts; there will be no debts after 7 years." That was the law. Now, let us take America today. We have in America today, ladies and gentlemen, $272,000,000,000 of debt. Two hundred and seventy-two thousand millions of dollars of debts are owed by the various people of this country today. Why, my friends, that cannot be paid. It is not possible for that kind of debt to be paid. The entire currency of the United States is only $6,000,000,000. That is all of the money that we have got in America today. All the actual money you have got in all of your banks, all that you have got in the Government Treasury, is $6,000,000,000; and if you took all that money and paid it out today you would still owe $266,000,000,000; and if you took all that money and paid again you would still owe $260,000,000,000; and if you took it, my friends, 20 times and paid it you would still owe $150,000,000,000. You would have to have 45 times the entire money supply of the United States today to pay the debts of the people of America and then they would just have to start out from scratch, without a dime to go on with. So, my friends, it is impossible to pay all of these debts, and you might as well find out that it cannot be done. The United States Supreme Court has definitely found out that it could not be done, because, in a Minnesota case, it held that when a State has postponed the evil day of collecting a debt it was a valid and constitutional exercise of legislative power. Now, ladies and gentlemen, if I may proceed to give you some other words that I think you can understand—I am not going to belabor you by quoting tonight—I am going to tell you what the wise men of all ages and all times, down even to the present day, have all said: That you must keep the wealth of the country scattered, and you must limit the amount that any one man can own. You cannot let any man own §300,000,000,000 or $400,000,000,000. If you do, one man can own all of the wealth that the United States has in it. Now, my friends, if you were off on an island where there were 100 lunches, you could not let one man eat up the hundred lunches, or take the hundred lunches and not let anybody else eat any of them. If you did, there would not be anything else for the balance of the people to consume. So, we have in America today, my friends, a condition by which about 10 men dominate the means of activity in at least 85 percent of the activities that you own. They either own directly everything or they have got some kind of mortgage on it, with a very small percentage to be excepted. They own the banks, they own the steel mills, they own the railroads, they own the bonds, they own the mortgages, they own the stores, and they have chained the country from one end to the other until there is not any kind of business that a small, independent man could go into today and make a living, and there is not any kind of business that an independent man can go into and make any money to buy an automobile with; and they have finally and gradually and steadily eliminated everybody from the fields in which there is a living to be made, and still they have got little enough sense to think they ought to be able to get more business out of it anyway. If you reduce a man to the point where he is starving to death and bleeding and dying, how do you expect that man to get hold of any money to spend with you? It is not possible. Then, ladies and gentlemen, how do you expect people to live, when the wherewith cannot be had by the people? In the beginning I quoted from the Scriptures. I hope you will understand that I am not quoting Scripture to you to convince you of my goodness personally, because that is a thing between me and my Maker; that is something as to how I stand with my Maker and as to how you stand with your Maker. That is not concerned with this issue, except and unless there are those of you who would be so good as to pray for the souls of some of UK. Rut the Lord gave His law, and in the Book of James they said so, that the rich should weep and howl for the miseries that had come upon them; and, therefore, it was written that when the rich hold goods they could not use and could not consume, you will inflict punishment on them, and nothing but days of woe ahead of them. Then we have heard of the great Greek philosopher, Socrates, and the greater Greek philosopher, Plato, and we have read the dialogue between Plato and Socrates, in which one said that great riches brought on great poverty, and would be destructive of a country. Read what they said. Read what Plato said; that you must not let any one man be too poor, and you must not let any one man be too rich; that the same mill that grinds out the extra rich is the mill that will grind out the extra poor, because, in order that the extra rich can become so affluent, they must necessarily take more of what ordinarily would belong to the average man. It is a very simple process of mathematics that you do not have to study, and that no one is going to discuss with you. So that was the view of Socrates and Plato. That was the view of the English statesmen. That was the view of American statesmen. That was the view of American statesmen like Daniel Webster, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, William Jennings Bryan, and Theodore Roosevelt, and even as late as Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Both of these men, Mr. Hoover and Mr. Roosevelt, came out and said there had to be a decentralization of wealth, but neither one of them did anything about it. But, nevertheless, they recognized the principle. The fact that neither one of them ever did anything about it is their own problem that I am not undertaking to criticize; but had Mr. Hoover carried out what he says ought to be done, he would be retiring from the President's office, very probably, 8 years from now, instead of 1 year ago; and had Mr. Roosevelt proceeded along the lines that he stated were necessary for the decentralization of wealth, he would have gone, my friends, a long way already, and within a few months he would have probably reached a solution of all of the problems that afflict this country today. But I wish to warn you now that nothing that has been done up to this date has taken one dime away from these big fortune-holders; they own just as much as they did, and probably a little bit more; they hold just as many of the debts of the common people as they ever held, and probably a little bit more; and unless we, my friends, are going to give the people of this country a fair shake of the dice, by which they will all get something out of the funds of this land, there is not a chance on the topside of this God's eternal earth by which we can rescue this country and rescue the people of this country. It is necessary to save the government of the country, but is much more necessary to save the people of America. We love this country. We love this Government. It is a religion, I say. It is a kind of religion people have read of when women, in the name of religion, would take their infant babes and throw them into the burning flame, where they would be instantly devoured by the all-consuming fire, in days gone by; and there probably are some people of the world even today, who, in the name of religion, throw their own babes to destruction; but in the name of our good government, people today are seeing their own children hungry, tired, half-naked, lifting their tear-dimmed eyes into the sad faces of their fathers and mothers, who cannot give them food and clothing they both need, and which is necessary to sustain them, and that goes on day after day, and night after night, when day gets into darkness and blackness, knowing those children would arise in the morning without being fed, and probably go to bed at night without being fed. Yet in the name of our Government, and all alone, those people undertake and strive as hard as they can to keep a good government alive, and how long they can stand that no one knows. If I were in their place tonight, the place where millions are, I hope that I would have what I might say—I cannot give you the word to express the kind of fortitude they have; that is the word—I hope that I might have the fortitude to praise and honor my Government that had allowed me here in this land, where there is too much to eat and too much to wear, to starve in order that a handful of men can have so much more than they can ever eat or they can ever wear. Now, we have organized a society, and we call it "Share Our Wealth Society," a society with the motto "Every Man a King." Every man a king, so there would be no such thing as a man or woman who did not have the necessities of life, who would not be dependent upon the whims and caprices and ipsi dixit of the financial barons for a living. What do we propose by this society? We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today. We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted upon any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality, or $15,000 to a family. No; but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children; a fair share of the income of this land thereafter to that family so there will be no such thing as merely the select to have those things, and so there will be no such thing as a family living in poverty and distress. We have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no one man to own more that $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to carry out the balance of the program. It may be necessary that we limit it to less than $50,000,000. It may be necessary, in working out of the plans that no man's fortune would be more than $10,000,000 or $15,000,000. But be that as it may, it will still be more than any one man, or any one man and his children and their children, will be able to spend in their lifetimes; and it is not necessary or reasonable to have wealth piled up beyond that point where we cannot prevent poverty among the masses. Another thing we propose is old-age pension of $30 a month for everyone that is 60 years old. Now, we do not give this pension to a man making $1,000 a year, and we do not give it to him if he has $10,000 in property, but outside of that we do. We will limit hours of work. There is not any necessity of having overproduction. I think all you have got to do, ladies and gentlemen, is just limit the hours of work to such an extent as people will work only so long as it is necessary to produce enough for all of the people to have what they need. Why, ladies and gentlemen, let us say that all of these labor-saving devices reduce hours down to where you do not have to work but 4 hours a day; that is enough for these people, and then praise be the name of the Lord, if it gets that good. Let it be good and not a curse, and then we will have 5 hours a day and 5 days a week-, or even less than that, and we might give a man a whole month off during a year, or give him 2 months; and we might do what other countries have seen fit to do, and what I did in Louisiana, by having schools by which adults could go back and learn the things that have been discovered since they went to school. We will not have any trouble taking care of the agricultural situation. All you have to do is balance your production with your consumption. You simply have to abandon a particular crop that you have too much of, and all you have to do is store the surplus for the next year, and the Government will take it over. When you have good crops in the area in which the crops that have been planted are sufficient for another year, put in your public works in the particular year when you do not need to raise any more, and by that means you get everybody employed. When the Government has enough of any particular crop to take care of all of the people, that will be all that is necessary; and in order to do all of this, our taxation is going to be to take the billion-dollar fortunes and strip them down to frying size, not to exceed $50,000,000, and if it is necessary to come to $10,000,000, we will come to $10,000,000. We have worked the proposition out to guarantee a limit upon property (and no man will own less than one-third the average), and guarantee a reduction of fortunes and a reduction of hours to spread wealth throughout this country. We would care for the old people above 60 and take them away from this thriving industry and give them a chance to enjoy the necessities and live in ease, and thereby lift from the market the labor which would probably create a surplus of commodities. Those are the things we propose to do. "Every Man a King." Every man to eat when there is something to eat; all to wear something when there is something to wear. That makes us all a sovereign. You cannot solve these things through these various and sundry alphabetical codes. You can have the N. R. A. and P. W. A. and C. W. A. and the U. U. G. and G. I. N. and any other kind of dad-gummed lettered code. You can wait until doomsday and see 25 more alphabets, but that is not going to solve this proposition. Why hide? Why quibble? You know what the trouble is. The man that says he does not know what the trouble is is just hiding his face to keep from seeing the sunlight. God told you what the trouble was. The philosophers told you what the trouble was; and when you have a country where one man owns more than 100,000 people, or a million people, and when you have a country where there are four men, as in America, that have got more control over things than all the 120,000,000 people together, you know what the trouble is. We had these great incomes in this country; but the farmer, who plowed from sunup to sundown, who labored here from sunup to sundown for 6 days a week, wound up at the end of the time with practically nothing. And we ought to take care of the veterans of the wars in this program. That is a small matter. Suppose it does cost a billion dollars a year—that means that the money will be scattered throughout this country. We ought to pay them a bonus. We can do it. We ought to take care of every single one of the sick and disabled veterans. I do not care whether a man got sick on the battlefield or did not; every man that wore the uniform of this country is entitled to be taken care of, and there is money enough to do it; and we need to spread the wealth of the country, which you did not do in what you call the N. R. A. If the N. R. A. has done any good, I can put it all in my eye without having it hurt. All I can see that the N. R. A. has done is to put the little man out of business—the little merchant in his store, the little Italian that is running a fruit stand, or the Greek shoe-shining stand, who has to take hold of a code of 275 pages and study it with a spirit level and compass and looking-glass; he has to hire a Philadelphia lawyer to tell him what is in the code; and by the time he learns what the code is, he is in jail or out of business; and they have got a chain code system that has already put him out of business. The N. R. A. is not worth anything, and I said so when they put it through. Now, my friends, we have got to hit the root with the ax. Centralized power in the hands of a few, with centralized credit in the hands of a few, is the trouble. Get together in your community tonight or tomorrow and organize one of our Share Our Wealth Societies. If you do not understand it, write me and let me send you the platform; let me give you the proof of it. This is Huey P. Long talking, United States Senator, Washington, D. C. Write me and let me send you the data on this proposition. Enroll with us. Let us make known to the people what we are going to do. I will send you a button, if I have got enough of them left. We have got a little button that some of our friends designed, with our message around the rim of the button, and in the center "Every Man a King." Many thousands of them are meeting through the United States, and every day we are getting hundreds and hundreds of letters. Share Our Wealth Societies are now being organized, and people have it within their power to relieve themselves from this terrible situation. Look at what the Mayo brothers announced this week, these greatest scientists of all the world today, who are entitled to have more money than all the Morgans and the Rockefellers, or anyone else, and yet the Mayos turn back their big fortunes to be used for treating the sick, and said they did not want to lay up fortunes in this earth, but wanted to turn them back where they would do some good; but the other big capitalists are not willing to do that, are not willing to do what these men, 10 times more worthy, have already done, and it is going to take a law to require them to do it. Organize your Share Our Wealth Society and get your people to meet with you, and make known your wishes to your Senators and Representatives in Congress. Now, my friends, I am going to stop. I thank you for this opportunity to talk to you. I am having to talk under the auspices and by the grace and permission of the National Broadcasting System tonight, and they are letting me talk free. If I had the money, and I wish I had the money, I would like to talk to you more often on this line, but I have not got it, and I cannot expect these people to give it to me free except on some rare instance. But, my friends, I hope to have the opportunity to talk with you, and I am writing to you, and I hope that you will get up and help in the work, because the resolutions and bills are before Congress, and we hope to have your help in getting together and organizing your Share Our Wealth Societies. Now, that I have but a minute left, I want to say that I suppose my family is listening in on the radio in New Orleans, and I will say to my wife and three children that I am entirely well and hope to be home before many more days, and I hope they have listened to my speech tonight, and I wish them and all of their neighbors and friends everything good that may be had. I thank you, my friends, for your kind attention, and I hope you will enroll with us, take care of your own work in the work of this Government, and share or help in our Share Our Wealth Societies.

Huey Long or Huey Pierce Long Jr. byname "The Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a member of the United States Senate from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. He was a populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism from the left of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal. As the political leader of Louisiana, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, Long is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or, conversely, denounced as a fascistic demagogue. Long was born in the poor north of Louisiana in 1893. After working as a traveling salesman and attending multiple colleges, Long entered the bar in Louisiana. Following a brief private legal career in which he represented poor plaintiffs against corporations, Long was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission. As Commissioner, Long often prosecuted large corporations. In particular, Long despised the Standard Oil Company: it later became a common target of his rhetorical attacks. After Long successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice William Howard Taft praised him as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced" before the court. After a failed 1924 campaign, Long used the sharp economic and class divisions in Louisiana to win the 1928 gubernatorial election. Once in office, Long filled government jobs with patronage appointments and passed legislation distributing free textbooks to students, previously a barrier for poor Louisianians seeking an education. Accused of abuses of power, he was impeached in 1929, but the proceedings collapsed in the Louisiana Senate. During Long's years in power, he greatly expanded social programs. He organized massive public works projects, including a modern highway system and the tallest state capitol building in the nation. To address low agricultural commodity prices due to overproduction, Long proposed a cotton holiday. Through political maneuvering, Long became the political boss of Louisiana. His opponents argued his policies and methods were unconstitutional and dictatorial. At its climax, political opposition organized a minor insurrection. Long successfully ran for the U.S. Senate in 1930, although he did not assume his seat until 1932. With an enthusiastic campaign, Long helped elect Hattie Caraway, the first woman to win a full term in the United States Senate. Long established himself as an isolationist, arguing that Standard Oil and Wall Street influenced American foreign policy. He was integral in securing Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1932 nomination and was a supporter through Roosevelt's first 100 days in office. Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and became a prominent critic of his New Deal. As an alternative, he proposed the Share Our Wealth program in 1934. To stimulate the economy, he advocated massive federal spending, a wealth tax, and wealth redistribution. These proposals drew wide support, with millions joining local Share Our Wealth clubs. Poised for a 1936 presidential bid, a lone assassin mortally wounded Long in 1935. Although Long's movement faded, Roosevelt adopted many of his proposals in the Second New Deal. In Louisiana, Long permanently altered the political landscape. Elections would be organized along anti- or pro-Long factions until the 1960s. He left behind a political dynasty, which included his wife, Senator Rose McConnell Long; his son, Senator Russell B. Long; and his brothers, Governor Earl Long and U.S. Representative George S. Long, among others. (August 30, 1893 – September 10, 1935).

Water

How many people can the current water supply in your area sustain? What determining factors could change the water supply in the future. What are the things that you have to do in order to maintain safe drinking water? How much time, people and resources would it take to supply water for all necessary needs without waste and abuse? How much time, people and resources would it take to clean our polluted water? Menus.

Information Stations should be available in every town, this way everyone can find needed services using menus like this one.

Water Knowledge - Hydrology

Each person should learn everything there is to know about Water. How to manage water supplies and how to keep water clean and plentiful without waste. 

Water Safety - Clean Water Websites

Life Saver Water Bottle Filter Systems
Drought Masters Water Generator 
Fresh Water from Air
Dean Kamen SlingShot (youtube)
Greif Pack: H20 Waterwear BackPack

Homes that use 41 gallons or less of hot water daily, tankless water heaters can be 24% to 34% more energy-efficient than storage tank heaters.

 

Food

How much fertile land is available to grow food? How many people could this land sustain? How much time, people and resources to feed yourself and others with the recommended daily nutritional requirements for optimum health? How much time, people and resources would it take to create more local farms sustainably?

Food Security - Farming Knowledge - Food Programs - Refrigeration - Food Waste

Food Cooking - Stoves - Ovens - Heating

Stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to heat either the space in which the stove is situated, or items placed on the heated stove itself. There are many types of stoves such as the Kitchen Stove which is used to Cook Food, and the Wood-Burning Stove or a coal stove which is typically used for heating a dwelling. Due to concerns about air pollution, efforts have been made to improve the stove design over the years. Pellet stoves, for example, are a type of clean-burning stove, and air-tight stoves are another type that combust the wood more completely and therefore reduce the amount of the resulted combustion by-products. In the U.S. since 1992, all wood stoves being manufactured are required to limit particulate emission. Ovens.

Volcano Collapsible Multi-Fuel Cooking Stove
G-Stove compact, efficient and upgradable. Earth Spark.

Efficient Cooking Stoves - Reduce Charcoal Use.

Clean Cooking Alliance - Affordable-Cookstoves

Newly Discovered 'Blue Whirl' Fire Tornado Burns Cleaner for Reduced Emissions.

Passive Cooking is when you turn off the stove after 2 minutes of active cooking, then cover the pot with a lid and wait for the right cooking time.

Sous vide or low-temperature long-time cooking is a method of cooking in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking times (usually one to seven hours, and up to 72 or more hours in some cases) at a precisely regulated temperature. The temperature is much lower than usually used for cooking, typically around 55 to 60 °C (130 to 140 °F) for red meat, 66 to 71 °C (150 to 160 °F) for poultry, and higher for vegetables. The intent is to cook the item evenly, ensuring that the inside is properly cooked without overcooking the outside, and to retain moisture. The boxes are virtual portable ovens that use wool's convection properties as a means of slow cooking. You put your ingredients in a normal pot and first place it on a stovetop. You let it come to a boil for maybe 10 or 20 minutes, depending on the ingredients. Then you place the hot pot inside the insulated box and the cooking process continues on its own, slowly over several hours. sealed lid ensures no steam escapes your cook while maintaining maximum heat retention. This means virtually no water loss to evaporation and even more precise temperatures during your sous vide cook. Survival Food.

Wonderbag is a simple but revolutionary, non-electric portable slow cooker. It continues to cook food which has been brought to the boil by conventional methods for up to 8 hours without the use of additional electricity or fuel.

Rocket Stove is an efficient and hot burning stove using small-diameter wood fuel. Fuel is burned in a simple combustion chamber containing an insulated vertical chimney, which ensures almost complete combustion prior to the flames' reaching the cooking surface. It uses the same principle as the Dakota fire pit. Rocket stove designs are most often used for portable stoves for cooking but the design is also used to make rocket mass heaters for heating. Like the beverage-can stove, it is made from found materials, but generally uses wood rather than alcohol. In field tests in India, rocket stoves used 18 to 35 per cent less fuel compared to the traditional stoves and reduced fuel used 39-47 per cent compared to the three-stone fire, as well as a large reduction in emissions. A precursor of the rocket stove was the Argand lamp. The idea has been commercialized as the Kelly Kettle and the InStove. Rocketstove - How to Make a Tin Can Rocket Stove (youtube) - Solar Cooking - Rocket Stove - Solar Heat.

Solo Stove
Kombuis a portable and efficient rocket stove and cooking set
Electricity Generating Wood Camp Stove (biolite)- Thermal-Electric
Burn Wise
Biolite Stove
Biobricks (biopellet)
How to Make a Swedish Fire Torch (youtube)
Eco Zoom Stove
Velocity Grill - The Ultimate Wood Fired Grill
Roccbox: The Portable Stone Bake Pizza Oven - Skinny Pizza

Cooking Skills (ovens, frying, preperation)

Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid). Convection takes place through advection, diffusion or both. Boiling Point.

Infrared Heater is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower temperature through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitting body, the wavelength of the peak of the infrared radiation ranges from 780 nm to 1 mm. No contact or medium between the two bodies is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in vacuum or atmosphere.

Induction Cooking heats a cooking vessel by magnetic induction, instead of by thermal conduction from a flame, or an electrical heating element. Because inductive heating directly heats the vessel, very rapid increases in temperature can be achieved.

Induction Heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal) by Electromagnetic Induction, which is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents (also called Foucault currents). An induction heater consists of an electromagnet, and an electronic oscillator that passes a high-frequency alternating current (AC) through the electromagnet. The rapidly alternating magnetic field penetrates the object, generating electric currents inside the conductor called eddy currents. The eddy currents flowing through the resistance of the material heat it by Joule heating. In ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials like iron, heat may also be generated by magnetic hysteresis losses. The frequency of current used depends on the object size, material type, coupling (between the work coil and the object to be heated) and the penetration depth.

Paragon Induction Cooktop
Cook with Kenyon
First Build
Nuwavepic
Cinder Grill: Cook Perfect Food
Big Boss Induction Cookware (amazon)

We need to combine an Intelligent Pan with an intelligent Stove. (Boil Alert Technology)
SmartyPans: World's First Smart Cooking Pan

Paragon: Smart Cooking System Precisely control pan temperature or liquid temperature to make perfect dishes every time.

Cast Iron Skillets Marquette Castings Skillets made by combining a superior casting process with an unparalleled seasoning process. Ovens.

Potential Energy, The Darfur Stoves Project.

New Invention: SMILE - Low-cost solar concentrator technology for the developing world (youtube).

Wood Burning Stoves

Wood-Burning Stove is a Heating Appliance capable of burning wood fuel and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as wood pellets. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually cast iron or steel) closed Fire chamber, a fire brick base and an adjustable air control. The stove is connected by ventilating stove pipes to a suitable chimney or flue, which will fill with hot combustion gases once the fuel is ignited. The chimney or flue gases must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney. (secondary combustion) Many wood-burning stoves are engineered such that they can be converted to multi-fuel stoves with the addition of a grate.

Cooking with wood or coal is linked to increased risk of respiratory illness and death. About three billion people around the world live in households that regularly burn wood. Gas Stove.

Researchers tested three types of wood-burning stoves: Traditional stoves; natural-draft stoves; and forced-draft stoves, which use battery-powered fans to improve combustion. While traditional stoves emitted an average of 6 grams of PM per kilogram of fuel burned (g/kg), that number jumps to an average of 14 g/kg when you include the PM that the emissions form over time, due to chemical reactions that take place in the atmosphere.

Thermal Electric Generators - Passive Energy

Wood Burning Stoves can also make Pyrolysis Oil, sometimes also known as biocrude or biooil, is a synthetic fuel under investigation as substitute for petroleum. It is extracted by biomass to liquid technology of destructive distillation from dried biomass in a reactor at temperature of about 500 °C with subsequent cooling. Pyrolytic oil (or bio-oil) is a kind of tar and normally contains too high levels of oxygen to be a hydrocarbon. As such it is distinctly different from similar petroleum products.

Wood Stove can also make Syn Gas for cooking or Running Machines.

Tula 8190 Wood stove: TULA 8190 / Efficiency: 88% LHV / Heats up to: 1,200 sq ft / Firebox Capacity: 1.4 cu ft / Size: Up to 30,000 BTUs / EPA Certified: 2.6 gph / Efficiency: 88% LHV / Burn Time: Up to 6 hours / Maximum Log Length: 17" (loaded vertically).

Kimberly Wood Stove is a highly efficient small wood stove, needing only 6 inches of clearance on sides, weighs just 56 pounds, cook top surface, optional accessories will generate electricity, bake, and heat water. Produces just 3.2 grams/hour emissions because of dual combustion and double walled stove pipe. Also takes air from outside. 3 inch exhaust pipe.

Heating Efficiently: Rocket Mass Heater (youtube) - Rocket Mass Heater (wiki)

Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. It is more properly restricted to the product of the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly extended to include the residual pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood, and petroleum coke that may become airborne during pyrolysis and that are more properly identified as cokes or chars. Soot causes cancer and lung disease, and is theorized to be the second-biggest human cause of global warming. Comparing Particle Emissions from Traffic, Cigarettes and Heating.

Wood Stove Decathlon - Woodstove Thermometer (amazon)

Wood Stove Operation Tips: Open both front dampers completely before starting a fire. Place wood in the firebox and light the fire. Allow the fire to burn for between 10 to 30 minutes before adjusting the dampers. Close the front damper slowly and observe the smoke escaping from the chimney.

Spacecraft Thermal Control System is to keep all the spacecraft's component systems within acceptable temperature ranges during all mission phases. It must cope with the external environment, which can vary in a wide range as the spacecraft is exposed to deep space or to solar or planetary flux, and with ejecting to space the internal heat generated by the operation of the spacecraft itself. Thermal control is essential to guarantee the optimal performance and success of the mission because if a component is subjected to temperatures which are too high or too low, it could be damaged or its performance could be severely affected. Thermal control is also necessary to keep specific components (such as optical sensors, atomic clocks, etc.) within a specified temperature stability requirement, to ensure that they perform as efficiently as possible. The thermal subsystem maintains the right temperatures in all parts of the spacecraft. That may sound easy, but it turns out that it's not. The Sun heats up one side of the spacecraft, and black space on the other side pulls the heat out. The hot side is thus hundreds of degrees hotter than the cold side. In addition, parts of the spacecraft that use electrical power will generate heat internally and tend to get very hot. Now, on Earth, when your home gets too hot you can cool things off with fans or air conditioners. Or, when it gets too cold, you turn on the furnace. All these methods work by adding or subtracting heat from air and then moving it around (this is called convection). In space there isn't any air, so convection doesn't work. Other physical processes -- conduction and radiation -- must be used to move heat around the spacecraft and ultimately get rid of the excess.

Active or passive systems - The thermal control subsystem can be composed of both passive and active items and works in two ways: Protects the equipment from overheating, either by thermal insulation from external heat fluxes (such as the Sun or the planetary infrared and albedo flux), or by proper heat removal from internal sources (such as the heat emitted by the internal electronic equipment). Protects the equipment from temperatures that are too low, by thermal insulation from external sinks, by enhanced heat absorption from external sources, or by heat release from internal sources. Passive thermal control system (PTCS) components include: Multi-layer insulation (MLI), which protects the spacecraft from excessive solar or planetary heating, as well as from excessive cooling when exposed to deep space. Coatings that change the thermo-optical properties of external surfaces. Thermal fillers to improve the thermal coupling at selected interfaces (for instance, on the thermal path between an electronic unit and its radiator). Thermal washers to reduce the thermal coupling at selected interfaces. Thermal doublers to spread on the radiator surface the heat dissipated by equipment. Mirrors (secondary surface mirrors, SSM, or optical solar reflectors, OSR) to improve the heat rejection capability of the external radiators and at the same time to reduce the absorption of external solar fluxes. Radioisotope heater units (RHU), used by some planetary and exploratory missions to produce heat for TCS purposes. Active thermal control system (ATCS) components include: Thermostatically controlled resistive electric heaters to keep the equipment temperature above its lower limit during the mission's cold phases. Fluid loops to transfer the heat emitted by equipment to the radiators. They can be: single-phase loops, controlled by a pump; two-phase loops, composed of heat pipes (HP), loop heat pipes (LHP) or capillary pumped loops (CPL). Louvers (which change the heat rejection capability to space as a function of temperature). Thermoelectric coolers. Thermal control systems. Parker Solar Probe in thermal testing. Environment interaction. Includes the interaction of the external surfaces of the spacecraft with the environment. Either the surfaces need to be protected from the environment, or there has to be improved interaction. Two main goals of environment interaction are the reduction or increase of absorbed environmental fluxes and reduction or increase of heat losses to the environment. Heat collection. Includes the removal of dissipated heat from the equipment in which it is created to avoid unwanted increases in the spacecraft's temperature. Heat transport. Is taking the heat from where it is created to a radiating device. Heat rejection. The heat collected and transported has to be rejected at an appropriate temperature to a heat sink, which is usually the surrounding space environment. The rejection temperature depends on the amount of heat involved, the temperature to be controlled and the temperature of the environment into which the device radiates the heat. Heat provision and storage. Is to maintain a desired temperature level where heat has to be provided and suitable heat storage capability has to be foreseen. Passive Cooling - Geo-Thermal.

Conduction is the process by which heat moves through substances and between substances that are in contact, like pool water and your skin, or a cold metal railing and your hand. Heat moves around the spacecraft mainly by conduction (to a lesser extent also by radiation). Conduction is the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material. The process by which sound waves travel through a medium. The transmission of impulses along nerves.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter employs several conduction- and radiation-based techniques for thermal control:

Thermal Radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles in matter. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material (electrons and protons in common forms of matter) is converted to electromagnetic radiation. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. Particle motion results in charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation which produces electromagnetic radiation.
Infrared radiation emitted by animals (detectable with an infrared camera) and cosmic microwave background radiation are examples of thermal radiation. If a radiation object meets the physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation is called blackbody radiation. Planck's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which depends solely on the object's temperature. Wien's displacement law determines the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the radiant intensity. Thermal radiation is also one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer. Radiation or electromagnetic radiation, includes everything from X-rays to sunlight to radio waves. Our eyes are sensitive to only a very small part of this spectrum, the part we call visible light. The heat you feel on your face when you get close to a fire is the result of infrared radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation just beyond the range your eyes can see. The only way a spacecraft can actually absorb or get rid of heat is by electromagnetic radiation.

Ovens

Oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating , baking, or drying of a substance, and most commonly used for cooking. Kilns and furnaces are special-purpose ovens used in pottery and metalworking, respectively. Stoves.

Earth Oven is one of the simplest and most ancient cooking structures. At its most basic, an earth oven is a pit in the ground used to trap heat and bake, smoke, or steam food. Earth ovens have been used in many places and cultures in the past, and the presence of such cooking pits is a key sign of human settlement often sought by archaeologists. Earth ovens remain a common tool for cooking large quantities of food where no equipment is available. They have been used in various civilizations around the world and are still commonly found in the Pacific region to date.

Solar Ovens (cooking using sun energy)

How to make a Mesolithic Pit Oven (youtube)
Hawaiian Underground Oven
Ooni Pizza Oven

Energy Needs - Egloo Candle Powered Heater - Toilets - Waste Energy

Dutch Oven is a large heavy cooking pot with a lid, or a thick-walled cooking pot with a tight-fitting lid. Dutch ovens are usually made of seasoned cast iron; however, some Dutch ovens are instead made of cast aluminium, or ceramic. Some metal varieties are enameled rather than being seasoned, and these are sometimes called French ovens. Dutch ovens have been used as cooking vessels for hundreds of years. They are often called casserole dishes in some English-speaking countries other than the United States (casserole means "cooking pot" in French), and cocottes in French. They are similar to both the Japanese tetsunabe and the sač, a traditional Balkan cast-iron oven, and are related to the South African potjie, the Australian Bedourie oven and Spanish cazuela.

Compost Heating System regenerative soil-building compost heat recovery systems.

Pachamanca is a traditional Peruvian dish based on the baking, with the aid of hot stones (the earthen oven is known as a huatia), of lamb, mutton, pork, chicken or guinea pig, marinated in spices.

Refrigeration - Food Preservation

Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions. The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and Chinese empires. Refrigeration has reduced stomach cancer and other diseases. The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755, In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box. The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927.

Air Conditioning

Refrigerator is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries. The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F). A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage.

Standard freezers and refrigerators can use 3,000 watt hours each day.

Pot-in-Pot Refrigerator (wiki) - Refrigerator made of Clay

Any Where Fridge - IYCL (amazon) - Fenik Off Grid Refrigeration

Evaporation and Radiation for Passive Cooling without Electricity.

Refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. Many working fluids have been used for such purposes. Fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th century, but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Other common refrigerants used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as propane. Under Section 608 of the United States' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release refrigerants into the atmosphere. SNAP approved hydrocarbon substitutes (isobutane and propane: R600a, R441a and R290), ammonia and CO2 are exempt from the venting prohibition. Emissions from automobile air conditioning are a growing concern because of their impact on climate change. When refrigerants are removed they should be recycled to clean out any contaminants and return them to a usable condition.

Natural Refrigerant are natural substances that serve as refrigerants in refrigeration systems (including refrigerators, HVAC, and air conditioning). They are alternatives to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based refrigerants. Unlike other refrigerants, they are not synthetic chemicals and can sometimes be found in nature. They are not only used due to environmental sustainability as some applications are better suited to a particular natural refrigerant. HFC, HCFC, CFC classes of chemicals are all potent greenhouse gases. HCFC and CFC classes of chemicals are damaging to the ozone layer, with CFCs being a primary culprit. Natural refrigerants like CO2 and HC do not deplete the ozone layer and have a much lower impact on the environment. Though they may exist in nature, they are not entirely harmless or nontoxic but aside from Ammonia are generally less harmful in the event of refrigerant release, although most are highly flammable.

Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs, are organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, are the most common type of organofluorine compounds. They are commonly used in air conditioning and as refrigerants  in place of the older chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 and hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as R-21. They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace; however, they do contribute to global warming. Their atmospheric concentrations and contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly increasing, causing international concern about their radiative forcing. HFCs are hundreds to thousands of times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Chlorofluorocarbon or CFCs, are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (С), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon, which harms the ozone layer.

Vast majority of refrigerators and air conditioners hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons (HFCs and HCs) are toxic and flammable. When they leak into the air, they also contribute to global warming. Refrigeration and air conditioning currently devour a fifth of the energy produced worldwide, and demand for cooling is only going up.

Colossal Barocaloric effects in a plastic crystal of neopentylglycol (NPG) and other related organic compounds has leveled the playfield. Plastic Crystals refers not to its chemical composition but rather to its malleability. Plastic crystals lie at the boundary between solids and liquids. Compressing NPG yields unprecedentedly large thermal changes due to molecular reconfiguration.

Neopentyl Glycol is an organic chemical compound. It is used in the synthesis of polyesters, paints, lubricants, and plasticizers. When used in the manufacture of polyesters, it enhances the stability of the product towards heat, light, and water. By esterification reaction with fatty or carboxylic acids, synthetic lubricating esters with reduced potential for oxidation or hydrolysis, compared to natural esters, can be produced. It has been reported that plastic crystals of neopentyl glycol exhibit a colossal barocaloric effect (CBCEs), which is a cooling effect caused by pressure-induced phase transitions. The obtained entropy changes are about 389 joules per kilogram per kelvin near room temperature. This CBCE phenomenon is likely to be very useful in future solid-state refrigeration technologies.

Magnetic Refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures, as well as the ranges used in common refrigerators. Compared to traditional gas-compression refrigeration, magnetic refrigeration is safer, quieter, more compact, has a higher cooling efficiency, and is more environmentally friendly because it does not use harmful, ozone-depleting coolant gases.

Engle Fridge and Freezer with Sawafuji Swing Motor Reciprocating Compressor that has only one moving part.

Elastocaloric Cooling: Refrigerator cools by flexing artificial muscles. There is room for just one small bottle in the world's first refrigerator that is cooled with artificial muscles made of nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy. But the mini-prototype is groundbreaking: it shows that elastocalorics is becoming a viable solution for practical applications. This climate-friendly cooling and heating technology is far more energy-efficient and sustainable than current methods.

Magnetocaloric: Changes temperature when placed in a magnetic field.
Electrocaloric: Changes temperature when exposed to an electric field.
Elastocaloric: Changes temperature when stretched or compressed.

Caloric Cooling is a solid-state cooling technology that uses materials that change temperature when exposed to a magnetic, electric, or mechanical force. Caloric Cooling has several advantages over traditional vapor compression refrigeration, it's environmentally friendly, caloric materials are non-volatile, so they don't easily evaporate into a gas and contribute to global warming. Caloric cooling can be more energy efficient than vapor compression refrigeration. Caloric cooling can reach over 90% of Carnot efficiency, the theoretical limit of any thermodynamic cycle. Caloric cooling systems work by repeatedly applying and removing a field to the caloric material. Apply a field to the material, which increases its internal temperature and releases heat. Transfer the heat to a heat sink. Remove the field, which causes the material to cool down and absorb heat from a heat source.

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System is when the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services.

Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Engines - Thermo-Electric.

Linear Compressor is a gas compressor where the piston moves along a linear track to compress to minimize energy loss during conversion. This technology has been successfully used in space cryocooler where oil can not be tolerated. Kun Liang recently reviewed the linear compressor technologies for refrigeration.

Propane Refrigeration is a type of compression refrigerator which uses combustion of propane to directly drive the compressor, in contrast to conventional electric refrigerators which use an electrical compressor.

Solar-Powered Refrigerator is a refrigerator which runs on energy directly provided by sun, and may include photovoltaic or solar thermal energy. Solar-powered refrigerators are able to keep perishable goods such as meat and dairy cool in hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines at their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage. Solar-powered refrigerators are typically used in off-the-grid locations where utility provided AC power is not available.

Thermal Mass Refrigerator is a refrigerator that is foreseen with thermal mass as well as insulation to decrease the energy use of the refrigerator.

Heat and sound wave interactions in solids could run engines and Refrigerators. Thermoacoustics in solids eventually harnessing the extreme temperature gradient of outer space for electricity on satellites. A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators -- resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer.

Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycle are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators. A heat pump is a mechanical system that allows for the transference of heat from one location (the "source") at a lower temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. Thus a heat pump may be thought of as a "heater" if the objective is to warm the heat sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a "refrigerator" if the objective is to cool the heat source (as in the normal operation of a freezer). In either case, the operating principles are identical. Heat is moved from a cold place to a warm place. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter area; work is required to achieve this. An air conditioner requires work to cool a living space, moving heat from the cooler interior (the heat source) to the warmer outdoors (the heat sink). Similarly, a refrigerator moves heat from inside the cold icebox (the heat source) to the warmer room-temperature air of the kitchen (the heat sink). The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. A heat pump can be thought of as a heat engine which is operating in reverse.

Phase Transition is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change, often discontinuously, as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature, pressure, or others. For example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to the boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The measurement of the external conditions at which the transformation occurs is termed the phase transition. Phase transitions commonly occur in nature and are used today in many technologies. Phase Changes include vaporization, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition. Evaporation, a type of vaporization, occurs when particles of a liquid reach a high enough energy to leave the surface of the liquid and change into the gas state. An example of evaporation is a puddle of water drying out. Thermal Electric Energy.

Absorption Refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. The principle can also be used to air-condition buildings using the waste heat from a gas turbine or water heater. Using waste heat from a gas turbine makes the turbine very efficient because it first produces electricity, then hot water, and finally, air-conditioning (called cogeneration/trigeneration). Absorption refrigerators are commonly used in recreational vehicles (RVs), campers, and caravans because the heat required to power them can be provided by a propane fuel burner, by a low-voltage DC electric heater (from a battery or vehicle electrical system) or by a mains-powered electric heater. Unlike more common vapor-compression refrigeration systems, an absorption refrigerator can be produced with no moving parts other than the coolants. (absorption chillers).

Vapour-Compression Refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vapor-compression refrigeration systems. Cascade refrigeration systems may also be implemented using two compressors. Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere. A device that performs this function may also be called an air conditioner, refrigerator, air source heat pump, geothermal heat pump, or chiller (heat pump).

Principle of Magnetocaloric Cooling (youtube)

Electrolux Appliances - Gosun Cooler

WindChill - A low cost Food Preservation Unit designed to keep food cold without electricity.

Scientists develop a cool new method of refrigeration. Ionocaloric cooling may help replace refrigerants and provide safe, efficient cooling and heating for homes. Researchers have developed a new kind of heating and cooling method that they have named the ionocaloric refrigeration cycle. They hope the technique will someday help phase out refrigerants that contribute to global warming and provide safe, efficient cooling and heating for homes. Adding salt to a road before a winter storm changes when ice will form. Researchers at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have applied this basic concept to develop a new method of heating and cooling. The technique, which they have named "ionocaloric cooling," is described in a paper published Dec. 23 in the journal Science. Ionocaloric cooling takes advantage of how energy, or heat, is stored or released when a material changes phase -- such as changing from solid ice to liquid water. Melting a material absorbs heat from the surroundings, while solidifying it releases heat. The ionocaloric cycle causes this phase and temperature change through the flow of ions (electrically charged atoms or molecules) which come from a salt.

Backwoods Solar - Nipi - the portable solar generator & smart cooler

Wisemotion Linear Compressor (youtube)
 
High Efficiency Super Insulated Extra thick walled SunDanzer 12 or 24 Volt DC.

Efficient Appliances - Air Conditioners - Passive Energy

Cogeneration is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector. The terms cogeneration and trigeneration can be also applied to the power systems generating simultaneously electricity, heat, and industrial chemicals – e.g., syngas or pure hydrogen (article: combined cycles, chapter: natural gas integrated power & syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle).

Thermoacoustics is the interaction between temperature, density and pressure variations of acoustic waves. Thermoacoustic heat engines can readily be driven using solar energy or waste heat and they can be controlled using proportional control. They can use heat available at low temperatures which makes it ideal for heat recovery and low power applications. The components included in thermoacoustic engines are usually very simple compared to conventional engines. The device can easily be controlled and maintained.

Thermoacoustic Heat Engine are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use a heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices. These two types of thermoacoustics devices can again be divided into two thermodynamic classes, a prime mover (or simply heat engine), and a heat pump. The prime mover creates work using heat, whereas a heat pump creates or moves heat using work. Compared to vapor refrigerators, thermoacoustic refrigerators have no ozone-depleting or toxic coolant and few or no moving parts therefore require no dynamic sealing or lubrication.

Improved refrigeration could save nearly half of the 1.3 billion tons of food wasted each year globally. A new study concludes that nearly half of the food waste, about 620 million metric tons, could be eliminated by fully refrigerated food supply chains worldwide. At the same time, fully refrigerated supply chains, or 'cold chains,' could cut food waste-related emissions of climate-warming greenhouse gases by 41% globally, according to a new study. About a third of the food produced globally each year goes to waste, while approximately 800 million people suffer from hunger, according to the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.

Food Storage

Root Cellar is a structure built underground or partially underground and used to store vegetables, fruits, and nuts or other foods. Root cellars are for keeping food supplies at a low temperature and steady humidity. They keep food from freezing during the winter and keep food cool during the summer months to prevent spoilage.

Food Preserving - Methods for Keeping Foods Fresher Longer - Refrigeration

The Ice House was introduced to Britain around 1660, though it was used by a some people in other areas in the world for over a thousand years prior.

Ice House building is made during the winter when ice and snow would be taken into the ice house and packed with insulation, often straw or sawdust. It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during summer months. The main application of the ice was the storage of perishable foods, but it could also be used simply to cool drinks, or allow ice-cream and sorbet desserts to be prepared.

Granary is a storehouse or room in a barn for threshed grain or animal feed. Ancient or primitive granaries are most often made out of pottery. Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals.

Survival Tips (emergencies) - Camping Gear - Solar Powered Grain Mill


Farm Animals
Livestock (farming)
Sustainable Livestock
Raising Farm Animals
Eating Animals

Fair Trade - Farming - Land Management

How to Butcher a Farm Animal to Eat
Man Expertly Butchers A Cow (youtube)
Victorinox Swiss Army Field Dressing Kit (amazon)
Outdoor Edge Game Processor PR-1 12-Piece Portable Butcher Kit with Hard Side Carry Case (amazon)
Weston Butcher Saw with 22 Inch Stainless Steel Blade (amazon)
Heavy Duty Vinyl Waterproof Apron- Black (amazon)
Bodog: The Real Mongolian Barbecue (youtube)
Farming Tools - Cooking Tools

Each person will learn everything there is to know about growing and harvesting Food including the importance of knowing Nutritional Needs. 


Menu for Food will be similar like the one above for water - Find Food......Grow Food.....Nutrition Needs......and so on 

Simultaneous Subject Teaching - If you can connect learning with food, then learning will never cease.

"When you teach someone how to grow food, you can also teach them at the same time about science, math, chemistry, geology, nutrition, energy, food preparation, weather, soil, water, air, insects and animals... Earth is the classroom."

Shelter - Housing - Putting a Roof Over Your Head

First determine the best places to build cities, communities and homes on the land that is available, based on research from experts who have assed the Land for its needs as well as the needs of the people who plan to developed that particular land space? What would be the max size of these cities and communities to live sustainable and provide equal services for each person? How much time, people and resources would it require to provide shelter that is sustainable, safe, healthy, energy efficient and low in maintenance? How much time, people and resources would it require to upgrade existing houses and buildings to be healthy, energy efficient and low in maintenance? Living within the Parameters that nature allows. 

Habitable Shelter should have clean water, clean energy, fresh air circulation, be toxic free, have security and working locks, have heat for the winter months, be insect free and noise free, have working toilets, and have fire safety and smoke detectors.

Housing - Emergency Shelters - Environment

Home Building Requirements: Every home should be durable, long-lasting and easy to maintain. Every home should use sustainable methods and materials. Every home should have healthy indoor air that is clean from contaminants. Every home should produce its own energy. Every home should use electricity effectively and efficiently. Every home should use water effectively and efficiently. Shelter needs to be a quiet sanctuary so that you may rest and sleep. Shelter must also be a place for personal entertainment. Shelter must also be a place to raise a family. Shelter must also be a place to be Productive, productive meaning being able to read, write, communicate, learn and provide a needed service for your community. Being productive can also be about having a place to exercise, a place for researching, a place to work on projects, a place to practice and a place for training.

Factor e Farm Open Source Tools and Machines

Living Condition or Habitability is the conformance of a residence or abode to the implied warranty of habitability. A residence that complies is said to be habitable. It is an implied warranty or contract, meaning it does not have to be an express contract, covenant, or provision of a contract. There was no implied warranty of habitability for tenants at common law and the legal doctrine has since developed in many jurisdictions through housing laws and regulations. In order to be habitable, such housing usually: Must provide shelter, with working locks. Must be heated in the winter months (typically between October 1 and May 31 in the Northeastern United States). Must not be infested with vermin, roaches, termites, or mold. Requires the landlord to stop other tenants from making too much noise (as measured by the decibel scale), second-hand smoke, or from selling narcotics. Must provide potable water. Each jurisdiction may have various rules.

Architecture - Green Building (Sustainable Homes) - Passive Energy

William Mcdonough on Cradle to Cradle Design (video)

Architecture that's Built to Heal: Michael Murphy (video and interactive text)

How to Plan a City

Build Your Own House - Home Location - Tools (green building)

Each person should learn everything there is to know about Shelter. How to choose the right land and area to build a shelter. How to choose the right land and area to build a city. What materials are available to build that are safe and sustainable. What is the best structure for this area that is totally energy efficient? How to Build a Home. How to utilize existing shelters. The size of the house is estimated by its intended purposes and needs. Building no more space then you need and be energy efficient. A house must provide you with a healthy environment so that you can be productive and as well as comfortable. A house must also be in balance with the surrounding environment. Be self-sustainable and not be dependent on other environments in order to maintain itself and preserve its existence. If the surrounding environment is not sustainable for a home then you will need dependable trade, or relocation options. 

Living Condition or Habitability: Must provide shelter, with working locks. Must be heated in the winter months. Must not be infested with vermin, roaches, termites, or mold. Requires the landlord to stop other tenants from making too much noise (as measured by the decibel scale), second-hand smoke, or from selling narcotics. Must provide potable water.

Turning Deserts into Forests

Menu for shelter will be similar like the one above for water...Find Shelter......Build Shelter.....Shelter Maintenance......and so on.

"When you teach someone how to build a house you can also teach them at the same time about engineering, science, math, problem solving, sanitation, clean water, energy uses, energy sources, environment, community and society...Life is the Classroom." 

Castle is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by European nobility.

Skyscrapers made of Mud - Homes from Dirt - Adobe



The world's tallest 70 per cent wood building at 18 storeys (53 metres, about 174 feet) steel and concrete hybrid. Completed less than 70 days after the prefabricated components were first delivered to the site. $51.5 million for 400 people.

Cappadocia dates from the late 6th century BC. The area is a popular tourist destination, as it has many areas with unique geological, historic, and cultural features. People of the villages at the heart of the Cappadocia Region carved out houses, churches and monasteries from the soft rocks of volcanic deposits. Göreme became a monastic centre in 300–1200 AD.

Energy - Potential - Power

What energy sources are available that would provide safe and sustainable energy for every person in the city or community? How much time, people and resources would it require to provide you with all your energy needs without waste or abuse?

31 Percent Of U.S. Households Have Trouble Paying Energy Bills. Of the 25 million households that reported forgoing food and medicine to pay energy bills, 7 million people in America face that decision nearly every month.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Energy Saving Homes - Energy Alternatives - LED Lights

Refrigeration - Air Conditioning - Stoves - Heaters - Smart Home

Power Cube v7 is a modular engine unit that powers all mechanical machines in the Global Village Construction Set.

The World Energy Foundation a non-profit organization dedicated to deliver renewable energy to those who need it most.

The average household in America consumes 10,656 Kilowatt Hours (kWh) per year. All other households in the world combined consumes less energy per year then American homes. I use less than 300 KWH a Month, except in the winter.

Each person should learn everything there is to know about energy. How energy works and how it is used to increase production. How energy is used to improve living conditions. What are the energy producing alternatives that are the most sustainable, produce minimal waste and have energy input output ratio. Electricity.

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is a rating and a unit of the cooling output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input during the same period.

Thermal Efficiency is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, a steam turbine or a steam engine, a boiler, a furnace, or a refrigerator for example. For a power cycle, thermal efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy added by heat is converted to net work output. In the case of a refrigeration or heat pump cycle, thermal efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy added by work is converted to net heat output.

Coefficient of Performance of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs.

Passive Energy

Net Energy Gain refers to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest.

Why are Bio-Fuels to Costly?

Power Cube - Power Cube VI

Retrofitting Vehicles with New Technologies

Cooking Stoves (efficient stoves saves trees)

Green Turbine - Central Boiler - Redrok - Stirling Engine Generator - Whispergen Micro chp 

Egloo Candle Powered Heater
DIY No Wax Candle (youtube)
House Needs

Home Appliance are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions, such as cooling/heating, cooking or cleaning.

Heat (stoves for cooking food)

Appliances

Major Appliance is a large machine in home appliance used for routine housekeeping tasks such as cooking, washing laundry, or food preservation. An appliance is different from a plumbing fixture because it uses electricity or fuel.

Small Appliances are portable or semi-portable machines, generally used on table-tops, counter-tops, or other platforms, to accomplish a household task. Examples include microwave ovens, toasters, humidifiers, and coffee makers. They contrast with major appliances (British "white goods"), such as the refrigerator and washing machine, which cannot be easily moved and are generally placed on the floor. Small appliances also contrast with consumer electronics (British "brown goods") which are for leisure and entertainment rather than purely practical tasks.

Microwave Appliance usage emits 7.7 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year in the EU. This is equivalent to the annual emissions of 6.8 million cars. Microwave appliance usage across the EU consumes an estimated 9.4 terawatts per hour (TWh) of electricity every year. This is equivalent to the annual electricity generated by three large gas power plants. Efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behavior to use appliances more efficiently.

Efficient Appliances - Energy Use Monitoring - Planned Obsolescence.

Consumer Electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment (flatscreen TVs, DVD players, DVD movies, iPods, video games, remote control cars, etc.), communications (telephones, cell phones, e-mail-capable laptops, etc.), and home-office activities (e.g., desktop computers, printers, paper shredders, etc.).

Water Heaters

Water Heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses. Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases.

Heat Pump Water Heaters use electricity to move heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly. Therefore, they can be two to three times more energy efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters. To move the heat, heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse. While a refrigerator pulls heat from inside a box and dumps it into the surrounding room, a stand-alone air-source heat pump water heater pulls heat from the surrounding air and dumps it -- at a higher temperature -- into a tank to heat water. You can purchase a stand-alone heat pump water heating system as an integrated unit with a built-in water storage tank and back-up resistance heating elements. You can also retrofit a heat pump to work with an existing conventional storage water heater. Heat pump water heaters require installation in locations that remain in the 40º–90ºF (4.4º–32.2ºC) range year-round and provide at least 1,000 cubic feet (28.3 cubic meters) of air space around the water heater. Cool exhaust air can be exhausted to the room or outdoors. Install them in a space with excess heat, such as a furnace room. Heat pump water heaters will not operate efficiently in a cold space. They tend to cool the spaces they are in. You can also install an air-source heat pump system that combines heating, cooling, and water heating. These combination systems pull their heat indoors from the outdoor air in the winter and from the indoor air in the summer. Because they remove heat from the air, any type of air-source heat pump system works more efficiently in a warm climate. Homeowners primarily install geothermal heat pumps -- which draw heat from the ground during the winter and from the indoor air during the summer -- for heating and cooling their homes. For water heating, you can add a desuperheater to a geothermal heat pump system. A desuperheater is a small, auxiliary heat exchanger that uses superheated gases from the heat pump's compressor to heat water. This hot water then circulates through a pipe to the home's storage water heater tank. Desuperheaters are also available for tankless or demand-type water heaters. In the summer, the desuperheater uses the excess heat that would otherwise be expelled to the ground. Therefore, when the geothermal heat pump runs frequently during the summer, it can heat all of your water. During the fall, winter, and spring -- when the desuperheater isn't producing as much excess heat -- you'll need to rely more on your storage or demand water heater to heat the water. Some manufacturers also offer triple-function geothermal heat pump systems, which provide heating, cooling, and hot water. They use a separate heat exchanger to meet all of a household's hot water needs. Electrolux Appliances.

Domestic Hot Water System delivers hot water to fixtures used by people at the sink, shower, tub and any other appliance where water may contact humans. They typically work by delivering hot water through a centralized storage tank separate from water that may be used for steam or hydronic heating.

Hydronics is the use of liquid water or gaseous water (steam) or a water solution (usually glycol with water) as heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. The name differentiates such systems from oil and steam systems.[clarification needed] Historically, in large-scale commercial buildings such as high-rise and campus facilities, a hydronic system may include both a chilled and a heated water loop, to provide for both heating and air conditioning. Chillers and cooling towers are used either separately or together as means to provide water cooling, while boilers heat water. A recent innovation is the chiller boiler system, which provides an efficient form of HVAC for homes and smaller commercial spaces. Hydronic Heat—boilers warm your home using hot water—not air like a furnace uses—hence the term hydronic. Boilers heat but don't actually boil water, and then disperse it as either hot liquid or steam through pipes to radiators, coils, or radiant floor systems.

Tankless Water Heating is also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, on-demand, or instant-on water heaters — are water heaters that instantly heat water as it flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except for what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are preferred in these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication. Tankless heaters may be installed throughout a household at more than one point-of-use, far from or without a central water heater, or larger centralized whole house models may still be used to provide all the hot water requirements for an entire house. The main advantages of tankless water heaters are a plentiful, practically limitless continuous flow of hot water (as compared to a limited flow of continuously heated hot water from conventional tank water heaters), and potential energy savings under some conditions due to the use of energy only when in use, and the elimination of standby energy losses since there is no hot water tank. The main disadvantage of these systems are their high initial costs (equipment and installation). An electric shower head has an electric heating element which heats water as it passes through. Solar Powered Water Heaters are also an option. Homes that use 41 gallons or less of hot water daily, Tankless Water Heaters can be 24% to 34% more energy-efficient than storage tank heaters. Tank-Less Hot Water Heater.

Instant Hot Water Dispenser is an appliance that dispenses water at about 94 °C (201 °F) (near-boiling). There are hot-only and hot and cool water models, and the water may be filtered as well as heated. Instant hot water dispensers became popular in the 1970s. Instant hot water dispensers are very similar to portable shower devices; the latter is fitted with a heating element and quickly heats up water, once a switch has been activated.

Heating Element converts electrical energy into heat through the process of Joule heating. Electric current through the element encounters resistance, resulting in heating of the element. Unlike the Peltier effect, this process is independent of the direction of current. Joule heating, also known as resistive, resistance, or Ohmic heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat. Joule's first law (also just Joule's law), also known as the Joule–Lenz law, states that the power of heating generated by an electrical conductor is proportional to the product of its resistance and the square of the current: (P ∝ I 2 R) Joule heating affects the whole electric conductor, unlike the Peltier effect which transfers heat from one electrical junction to another.

Air Conditioners - Cooling Air - Passive

Passive Cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low energy consumption. This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling). Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat. Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Refrigeration - Passive House Requirements - Passive House.ca - Ductless Air Conditioning - Passive House Accelerator - Passive House International

Passive House is a rigorous, voluntary standard for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. It results in ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling. Passivhaus standard requires that the building fulfills the following requirements: Passive solar design and landscape, Superinsulation, Advanced window technology, Airtightness, Ventilation, Space heating, Lighting and electrical appliances. The building must be designed to have an annual heating and cooling demand as calculated with the Passivhaus Planning Package of not more than 15 kWh/m2 (4,755 BTU/sq ft; 5.017 MJ/sq ft) per year in heating or cooling energy OR be designed with a peak heat load of 10 W/m2 (1.2 hp/1000 sq ft). Total primary energy (source energy for electricity, etc.) consumption (primary energy for heating, hot water and electricity) must not be more than 60 kWh/m2 (19,020 BTU/sq ft; 20.07 MJ/sq ft) per year. The building must not leak more air than 0.6 times the house volume per hour (n50 0.6 / hour) at 50 Pa (0.0073 psi) as tested by a blower door, or alternatively when looked at the surface area of the enclosure, the leakage rate must be less than 0.05 cubic feet per minute. Further, the specific heat load for the heating source at design temperature is recommended, but not required, to be less than 10 W/m² (3.17 btu/h·ft²). These standards are much higher than houses built to most normal building codes. For comparisons, see the international comparisons section below. National partners within the 'consortium for the Promotion of European Passive Houses' are thought to have some flexibility to adapt these limits locally.

Green Building - Green Houses - Greenhouse in the Snow

A sustainable alternative to air conditioning. Researchers set out to achieve passive cooling inside naturally conditioned buildings in hot, arid climates. The researchers set out to answer how to achieve a new benchmark in passive cooling inside naturally conditioned buildings in hot climates such as Southern California. They examined the use of roof materials that radiate heat into the cold universe, even under direct sunlight, and how to combine them with temperature-driven ventilation. These cool radiator materials and coatings are often used to stop roofs overheating. Researchers have also used them to improve heat rejection from chillers. But there is untapped potential for integrating them into architectural design more fully, so they can not only reject indoor heat to outer space in a passive way, but also drive regular and healthy air changes.

Geothermal - Heating and Cooling using the earths constant temperature below ground.

Climate Battery is a ground-to-air heating and cooling system that uses underground tubing to regulate the temperature and moisture of a greenhouse. It's also known as a ground to air heat transfer system, earth battery, earth tubes, or geo-air exchanger. Excess heat from the greenhouse is transferred to the soil beneath it through buried tubing and storing heat. When the greenhouse needs heating, the stored heat is released by circulating air through the tubing with a fan. Climate batteries are a low-cost way to heat and cool a greenhouse using the sun and the thermal mass of the soil. They can increase the growing zones of a greenhouse, allowing for the growth of subtropical plants year-round or most greens without row cover during the winter. The payback period for a climate battery investment depends on several factors, including how much is spent on fossil fuels, what's being grown, and the climate.

Windcatcher is a traditional architectural element used to create cross ventilation and passive cooling in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs: unidirectional, bidirectional, and multidirectional. Windcatchers are widely used in North Africa and in the West Asian, Southern Iran, especially in the south of Fars province and in Hormozgan province and other countries around the Persian Gulf, and have been for the past three thousand years.

Passive Solar Building Design is using windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".

209. Solid Wood Passive House - 90% More Energy Efficient (youtube) - Green Energy Futures.

Exploring Passive House Design - 90% Energy Savings! (youtube) - Undecided with Matt Ferrell.

Evaporative Cooler is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water. Evaporative cooling differs from typical air conditioning systems, which use vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycles. Evaporative cooling works by exploiting water's large enthalpy of vaporization. The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation). This can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants. The cooling potential for evaporative cooling is dependent on the wet-bulb depression, the difference between dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature. In arid climates, evaporative cooling can reduce energy consumption and total equipment for conditioning as an alternative to compressor-based cooling. In climates not considered arid, indirect evaporative cooling can still take advantage of the evaporative cooling process without increasing humidity. Passive evaporative cooling strategies can offer the same benefits of mechanical evaporative cooling systems without the complexity of equipment and ductwork. Sweating (exercising).

Homemade "Evaporative Cooling" System (youtube)

Nave Air Conditioning System by Yael Issacharov. Water inside the hollow vessel travels outwards through the porous terracotta walls. As it does, it gradually evaporates and turns to water vapor – a reaction that absorbs heat from the air around it, cooling the terracotta, the water, as well as the room you’re in… without any electricity or emissions.

Blue Frontier is an ultra-efficient, packaged rooftop HVAC for commercial buildings. Blue Frontier’s energy storing, electrically driven, desiccant enhanced evaporative cooling air conditioning system (BF ES/AC) combines two familiar processes: a desiccant, latent-cooling stage, followed by an indirect evaporative cooling stage. This combined process significantly reduces the energy required to generate air conditioning and is suitable for all climates – both dry and humid. The company’s patented system is derived from cutting edge NREL research and includes an added component for storing excess renewable energy and/or waste heat in the form of a high concentration salt solution.

Cooling System that works without Electricity. Radiative sky cooling to passively cool a fluid in a panel.

Solar Air Conditioning refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that uses solar power. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion (sunlight to electricity). Info-Graph (image).

Solar Thermal Energy s a form of energy and a technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors. There were about 750 cooling systems with solar-driven heat pumps, and annual market growth was 40 to 70% over the prior seven years.

Solar Cooling System keeps water at 9 Degrees Celsius for up to 3 Months.
Chest Freezers are more Energy Efficient.

Electrical Energy Efficiency Advancements.

Thermal Envelope is one of the key elements of a passive or a low energy house. Most important parts of thermal envelope include outer walls, roof, foundation, windows and doors. The purpose of the thermal envelope is to prevent heat transfer form interior of a house to its exterior in winter and vice versa in summer. Efficiency.

Solar Cooling (refrigeration)

Geothermal Energy - Heat Pumps - Heat Exchangers

Homemade Air Conditioner DIY - The "5 Gallon Bucket" Air Cooler! DIY- can be solar powered! (youtube)

How to cool your apartment for free using old plastic bottles, lowers temperature at least 5 degrees. The faster air moves, the lower pressure it has, evaporative cooling from the faster stream.

Geizeer - eco friendly ice cooling personal eco- friendly ice cooling with refrigerant mixtures, which consumes less than 1 cent per day! Rechargeable Battery gives 5 Hours. 

Zero-Breeze Portable AC Unit Cools 50 square feet room down to 44 degrees F using a 1100 BTU cooling power to cool down a small closed space. 12V (DC, AC) input which saves energy. Each interchangeable battery delivers 5 hours of cooling for keeping your sleep comfortable.

EdenPURE 360º Air Circulation Bladeless Fan is 98% more energy efficient than air conditioning and whisper quiet.

Stanford engineers develop a plastic clothing material that cools the skin.

Bed Covers that help you stay cool.

WindAmp Valley Wind Technology provides a safe and natural breeze that's energy efficient.

Revolutionary Air Conditioner! (youtube) - Tech Ingredients. Bio Balls are small, pegged plastic balls mainly used as the biological media in ponds. These little plastic bio balls have TONS of surface area for the growth of bacteria for filtration. Bioballs promote gas exchange and increase dissolved oxygen levels, then filter the water as the bio-balls combine with organic waste to dissolve it. Bio balls work best as wet-dry filters, with moving water passing over them. This allows more oxygen into the tubing, feeding the growth of the beneficial bacteria inside the balls.

Newly engineered material can cool roofs, structures with zero energy consumption has the ability to cool objects even under direct sunlight with zero energy and water consumption. When applied to a surface, the metamaterial film cools the object underneath by efficiently reflecting incoming solar energy back into space while simultaneously allowing the surface to shed its own heat in the form of infrared thermal radiation. glass-polymer hybrid material measures just 50 micrometers thick — slightly thicker than the aluminum foil found in a kitchen — and can be manufactured economically on rolls, making it a potentially viable large-scale technology for both residential and commercial applications. passive radiative cooling, the process by which objects naturally shed heat in the form of infrared radiation, without consuming energy.

Sky Cool Systems improves the efficiency of all cooling systems by infrared light that escapes earth and heads to space, carrying heat along with it.

Thermal Radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. When the temperature of a body is greater than absolute zero, inter-atomic collisions cause the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules to change. This results in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation which produces electromagnetic radiation, and the wide spectrum of radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations that occur even at a single temperature. Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals is detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction—a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold. Sunlight is part of thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth. If a radiation-emitting object meets the physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation is called blackbody radiation. Planck's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which depends only on the object's temperature. Wien's displacement law determines the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the radiant intensity. Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer.

How we can turn the cold of outer space into a renewable resource: Aaswath Raman (video and text)

Radiative Cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. Particle motion results in charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation which produce electromagnetic radiation. (Night-Sky Cooling).

Infrared Window is the overall dynamic property of the earth's atmosphere, taken as a whole at each place and occasion of interest, that lets some infrared radiation from the cloud tops and land-sea surface pass directly to space without intermediate absorption and re-emission, and thus without heating the atmosphere. It cannot be defined simply as a part or set of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, because the spectral composition of window radiation varies greatly with varying local environmental conditions, such as water vapour content and land-sea surface temperature, and because few or no parts of the spectrum are simply not absorbed at all, and because some of the diffuse radiation is passing nearly vertically upwards and some is passing nearly horizontally. A large gap in the absorption spectrum of water vapor, the main greenhouse gas, is most important in the dynamics of the window. Other gases, especially carbon dioxide and ozone, partly block transmission. An atmospheric window is a dynamic property of the atmosphere, while the spectral window is a static characteristic of the electromagnetic radiative absorption spectra of many greenhouse gases, including water vapour. The atmospheric window tells what actually happens in the atmosphere, while the spectral window tells of one of the several abstract factors that potentially contribute to the actual concrete happenings in the atmosphere. Window radiation is radiation that actually passes through the atmospheric window. Non-window radiation is radiation that actually does not pass through the atmospheric window. Window wavelength radiation is radiation that, judging only from its wavelength, potentially might or might not, but is likely to pass through the atmospheric window. Non-window wavelength radiation is radiation that, judging only from its wavelength, is unlikely to pass through the atmospheric window. The difference between window radiation and window wavelength radiation is that window radiation is an actual component of the radiation, determined by the full dynamics of the atmosphere, taking in all determining factors, while window wavelength radiation is merely theoretically potential, defined only by one factor, the wavelength.

Atmospheric Windows is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere without any distortion or absorption. Light in certain wavelength regions can penetrate the atmosphere well. These regions are called atmospheric windows.

Air Conditioning Warnings. There can be a few health problems and side effects associated with air conditioning. Studies confirm that viruses multiply faster in cold conditions like those created by air conditioners. The cold conditions also dehydrates the lining within the nose, making it more susceptible to infection. If Air Conditioning systems aren't maintained properly, you can get a buildup of bacterial pathogens which can cause illnesses such as Legionnaires' disease, which is a severe form of pneumonia or Pontiac fever, which is a milder infection than Legionnaires' disease. Bacterial pathogens can also cause a runny nose, sore throat and allergic reactions.

Heat Pump is a device that uses work to transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space by transferring thermal energy using a refrigeration cycle, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space. In cold weather a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house; the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in warm weather. As they transfer heat rather than generating heat, they are more energy-efficient than other ways of heating a home. When in heating mode, a refrigerant at the warmer temperature is compressed, becoming hot. Its thermal energy can be transferred to the cooler space. Air compressor causes air to heat up. Reversing Valve is a type of valve and is a component in a heat pump, that changes the direction of refrigerant flow. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a residence or facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment, by the same means, and with the same hardware. Thermal  Expansion Valve is a component in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator and is intended to regulate the superheat of the refrigerant that flows out of the evaporator to a steady value. Electronically Commutated Motor in HVAC systems, especially those featuring variable-speed or load modulation, use brushless motors to give the built-in microprocessor continuous control over cooling and airflow.

How a Heat Pump Works | This Old House (youtube)

(I’m Your) Heat Pump – Michael T Roberts and Will Hammond Jr. (youtube)

Heat Exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another example is the heat sink, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.

Fans - Cool Breeze

Fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing or case. This may direct the airflow or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors, handcranks, internal combustion engines, and solar power. Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air fluid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan. Turbocharger - Refrigeration.

Ducted Fan is an air moving arrangement whereby a mechanical fan, which is a type of propeller, is mounted within a cylindrical shroud or duct. The duct reduces losses in thrust from the tips of the propeller blades, and varying the cross-section of the duct allows the designer to advantageously affect the velocity and pressure of the airflow according to Bernoulli's principle. Ducted fan propulsion is used in aircraft, airships, airboats, hovercraft and fan packs. A jet fan is a stationary ducted fan used to move air through buildings or tunnels. Ducted fans normally have more and shorter blades than conventional propellers and thus can operate at higher rotational speeds.

Axial Fan Design is a type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial direction, parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. The flow is axial at entry and exit. The fan is designed to produce a pressure difference, and hence force, to cause a flow through the fan. Factors which determine the performance of the fan include the number and shape of the blades. Fans have many applications including in wind tunnels and cooling towers. Design parameters include power, flow rate, pressure rise and efficiency. Axial fans generally comprise fewer blades (two to six) than ducted fans. Axial fans commonly have larger radius and lower speed (?) than ducted fans (esp. at similar power. Stress proportional to r^2).

Centrifugal Fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases in a direction at an angle to the incoming fluid. Centrifugal fans often contain a ducted housing to direct outgoing air in a specific direction or across a heat sink; such a fan is also called a blower fan, biscuit blower, or squirrel-cage fan (because it looks like a hamster wheel). These fans increase the speed and volume of an air stream with the rotating impellers. Centrifugal fans use the kinetic energy of the impellers to increase the volume of the air stream, which in turn moves against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans displace air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90°) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. Centrifugal fans are constant-displacement or constant-volume devices, meaning that, at a constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan moves a relatively constant volume of air rather than a constant mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed even though the mass flow rate through the fan is not. Centrifugal fans are not positive-displacement devices and centrifugal fans have certain advantages and disadvantages when contrasted with positive-displacement blowers: centrifugal fans are more efficient, whereas positive-displacement blowers may have a lower capital cost. The centrifugal fan is one of the most widely used fans. Centrifugal fans are by far the most prevalent type of fan used in the HVAC industry today. They are often cheaper than axial fans and simpler in construction. They are used in transporting gas or materials and in ventilation systems for buildings and vehicles. They are also well-suited for industrial processes and air pollution control systems. The centrifugal fan has a drum shape composed of a number of fan blades mounted around a hub. As shown in the animated figure, the hub turns on a driveshaft mounted in bearings in the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of the fan wheel, turns 90 degrees and accelerates due to centrifugal force as it flows over the fan blades and exits the fan housing.

Centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward) that can be very strong. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centrifugal acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the center. In a laboratory centrifuge that uses sample tubes, the radial acceleration causes denser particles to settle to the bottom of the tube, while low-density substances rise to the top. There are three types of centrifuge designed for different applications. Industrial scale centrifuges are commonly used in manufacturing and waste processing to sediment suspended solids, or to separate immiscible liquids. An example is the cream separator found in dairies. Very high speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges able to provide very high accelerations can separate fine particles down to the nano-scale, and molecules of different masses. Large centrifuges are used to simulate high gravity or acceleration environments (for example, high-G training for test pilots). Medium-sized centrifuges are used in washing machines and at some swimming pools to wring water out of fabrics. Gas centrifuges are used for isotope separation, such as to enrich nuclear fuel for fissile isotopes.

Centrifugal Pump are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from which it exits. Common uses include water, sewage, agriculture, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. Centrifugal pumps are often chosen for their high flow rate capabilities, abrasive solution compatibility, mixing potential, as well as their relatively simple engineering. A centrifugal fan is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational energy. Centrifugal Force is an inertial force.

Energy would have a similar menu like the one above for water. Find Energy Providers.....Energy Needs....Make Energy...and so on.

Education - Informed - Skilled

Every person needs a high quality education and every person needs to be informed. Every person needs the necessary tools and technologies that are needed to communicate. Every person needs to be able to transmit and receive information. Everyone needs to have access to the best and most important information and knowledge that is up to date and at our current level of understanding. Every person needs to have the knowledge and information that is needed to live a safe life, a sustainable life and a productive life.

Every child is a student of the world. So every child should have access to the best tools that are needed for learning. In order to truly help people, you have to give people the tools, the knowledge and the supplies that would allow them to continually educate themselves and manage themselves. When you teach someone about learning and teaching, they become life long learners and they become people who are willing to help others in need and teach others who are in need of knowledge.

Paying People to Learn is much more than just an incentive to learn and become more knowledgeable, it is an investment in our future. If people were given the necessary knowledge and information that they can use to improve their lives, then the power of knowledge will pay for itself, and the many rewards that comes from having knowledge will last a lifetime.

Healthcare comes from Education. You can't have doctors without education. You can't build hospitals without education. And people can't live healthy lives without education. And we can't have universal healthcare if politicians are ignorant and corrupt. Citizens must be educated enough to make sure that competent politicians are voted into office. This is why improving education is so extremely important.

Education should also Include: Health Care Knowledge, Community Management Knowledge, Creating Excellent Teachers, Identifying and Creating Jobs that are Needed Now and in the Future, Creating and Updating Knowledge Bases and so on...

Each person should learn everything there is to know about Education. How knowledge and information is acquired. How knowledge and information is shared. How knowledge and information is used to solve problems. How knowledge and information is used to acquire more knowledge and information. What knowledge and information is most important?

In order for education and knowledge to be available to everyone, one of the public utilities would have to include communications and a public phone system owned and operated by the public, and not by a corrupt corporation like AT&T.

In order to have a healthcare system, a justice system and an uncorrupted government, you need an Education System that provides educated citizens who can fill these necessary jobs that society needs. People Need to be Informed.

Educational Management refers to the administration of the education system in which a group combines human and material resources to supervise, plan, strategize, and implement structures to execute an education system. Education is the equipping of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, habits, and attitudes with learning experiences. The education system is an ecosystem of professionals in educational institutions, such as government ministries, unions, statutory boards, agencies, and schools. The education system consists of political heads, principals, teaching staff, non-teaching staff, administrative personnel and other educational professionals working together to enrich and enhance. At all levels of the educational ecosystem, management is required; management involves the planning, organizing, implementation, review, evaluation, and integration of an institution.

Basic Knowledge 101 - Education Improvement Ideas


Education, Knowledge and Information will have a similar menu like the one above for water. Find Knowledge and Information......Make Knowledge..... Knowledge Needs....