Mental Health
Mental Health
is a person’s
behavior with regard to their
psychological and
emotional
well-being during an
absence of mental
illness. Mental health may include an individual's
ability to enjoy life
and to create a
balance between life
activities and efforts to achieve
psychological resilience.
In India there are
only 3 psychiatrists for every million
people, compared to 124
psychiatrists per million people in the U.S.. In 2014, over
9 Million Adults aged 18 or older had serious mental illness.
Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration.

Being able to accurately
analyze yourself is not easy, especially
when you have to use your mind to check your mind. If the instrument
you're using isn't
calibrated or
educated enough, then you will not be accurate with your
measurements. This is why we sometimes need
professional help, so that
someone can help us to
analyze ourselves and find out if everything is OK
upstairs. But in the 21st century, finding honest and practical
professional guidance is difficult with todays
drug filled treatments,
treatments that are more driven by money then they are facts.
Health seekers must beware. You need to educate
yourself in order to help yourself.
Knowledge is your best medicine, and
your best hopes in receiving the best care possible. Sometimes only small
adjustments need to be made in order to get back to normal, as long as you
know what normal was or should be. Other times you have to make many adjustments and
take many steps in order to improve your health and have control over your
well being. And even sometimes, you have to start from the beginning
because
problems can start at an early age. But the good news is,
you're
not broken, you just have to find a trust worthy
technician to help guide you
through the processes that helps maintain optimum health.
"A Check Up from the Neck Up".
Know Your
Baseline -
Systems Check
-
Reality Check -
Rebooting -
Interventions -
Alzheimer's
Counseling - Support - Therapies
Better Help
is an affordable, private online counseling. Anytime, anywhere. Talk with a
licensed, professional therapist online.
Live Another
Day was created in early 2021 as a response to the unprecedented
increase in substance abuse, mental illness, and deaths resulting from the
pandemic. We’re a small, tight-knit group of business professionals and
clinicians who have invested thousands of hours towards creating a truly
one-of-a-kind recovery resource. We’ve evaluated over 14,000 treatment
providers throughout the country and only listed the centers that meet our
standards for high-quality care. Many of us are in recovery ourselves, and
our sincere wish is that this website gives you, the visitor, a second
chance at life. Recovery is truly a gift and we’re here to support you.
A new framework for protecting mental health in cities. People who
live in cities face many challenges that threaten their mental health. In
countries in which relatively higher numbers of people live in cities,
depression, anxiety and addiction are generally more common. Amid the
increasing incidence of common mental disorders and ongoing urbanization
around the world, there is an urgent need to better understand the dynamic
interplay between these areas.
Researchers have identified plasma protein-based biomarkers capable of
identifying adolescents at risk of developing mental health issues. The
researchers used self-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
scores to evaluate mental health risk in participants aged between 11 and
16 years. Blood sample analyses showed that 58 proteins were significantly
associated with the SDQ score. Bioinformatic analyses were used to
identify the biological processes and pathways linked with the identified
plasma protein biomarker candidates. Key enriched pathways related to
these proteins included immune responses, blood coagulation, neurogenesis,
and neuronal degeneration. The study employed a novel symbolic regression
algorithm to create predictive models that best separate low and high SDQ
score groups.
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is a behavioral screening
questionnaire for children and
adolescents ages 2 through 17 years old. The questionnaire takes 3–10
minutes to complete.
Bioinformatics is the application of tools of computation and analysis
to the capture and
interpretation
of
biological data.
Mental illness associated with poor sleep quality according to large study.
People who have been diagnosed with a mental illness are more likely to
have poor sleep quality compared to the general population, according to a
large study.
Behaviors
Behavior
is the range of
responses,
reactions,
mannerisms,
movements or
actions
that are made by individuals, organisms,
systems, or
artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or with their
environment, which includes the
other systems or organisms around as well
as the
inanimate physical environment. It is the response of the system
or organism to various
stimuli or inputs, whether
internal or
external,
conscious or
subconscious, overt or
covert, and voluntary or
involuntary.
Neuropsychology is the discipline which investigates the relations
between
brain processes and
mechanisms on one hand, and
cognition
and
behavioral control on the
other. It is concerned with how a person's
cognition and behavior are related to the
brain
and the rest of the
nervous system.
Professionals in this branch of
psychology often focus
on how injuries or illnesses of the brain affect cognitive and behavioral
functions.
Behavioral Neurology is a subspecialty of neurology
that studies the
neurological basis
of behavior,
memory, and
cognition, the impact of neurological damage and
disease upon these functions, and the treatment thereof.
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the
nervous system.
Behavior Therapy -
Intervention -
How the Body effects the
Mind -
Perspective
-
Mindfulness -
Emotion
Regulation -
Executive Functions -
Distractions -
Attitude -
Moods -
Mind Set -
Habits -
Instincts
-
Addictions -
Disorders -
Observation Errors -
Analysis
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to the
understanding of human and
animal behavior. It assumes that all behavior
are either
reflexes produced by a response to certain
stimuli in the
environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including
especially
reinforcement
and
punishment, together with the individual's current
motivational state
and
controlling stimuli. Thus, although behaviorists generally accept the
important role of
inheritance
in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors,
education,
family and social settings.
Most bad
behaviors come from bad information and
bad experiences.
Good
Information +
Good
Experiences =
Good Behavior.
Bad Information +
Bad
Experiences =
Bad Behavior.
Behavior is an expression of information that comes from learned
experiences as well as from knowledge and information that's being
processed in a particular way that
influences a particular action to be
expressed. People can act differently when
they are in
different
environments. And when people have different information, people can
act differently than other people. And not everyone knows how to
translate information accurately or
effectively. So a lot of people can become
lost in the translation.
Human
Behavior refers to the array of every physical action and
observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race
as a whole. While specific traits of one's
personality and temperament may
be more consistent, other behaviors will change as one moves from birth
through adulthood. In addition to being dictated by age and genetics,
behavior, driven in part by
thoughts and
feelings, is an insight into
individual psyche, revealing among other things attitudes and values.
Social behavior, a subset of human behavior, study the considerable
influence of
social interaction and
culture. Additional influences include
ethics, encircling, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.
Human Behaviors - 41 Subcategories (wiki)
Behavioral Health is a level of psychological
well-being, or an absence of
mental
illness. It is the "psychological state of someone who is functioning
at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment". From the
perspective of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an
individual's ability to enjoy life, and create a balance between life
activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.
Behavioral
Neuroscience is a branch of
psychology that analyzes how the
brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors,
thoughts and
feelings. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic
psychology and neuroscience. The application of the principles of
biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental
mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. Also known as
biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology.
Behavioural Sciences encompasses the various
disciplines and interactions among organisms in the natural world. It
involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal
behaviour through the study of the past, controlled and
naturalistic
observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It
attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous
formulations and observation. Examples of behavioral sciences include
psychology, psychobiology, and
cognitive
science.
Behavioral Script are a sequence of expected
behaviors for a given situation. Scripts include default standards for the
actors, props, setting, and sequence of events that are expected to occur
in a particular situation.
Triggers.
Mentality is a
habitual or characteristic
mental attitude
that determines how you will
interpret
and respond to situations.
Mental
ability.
The Mind.
Passive Aggressive Behavior is the indirect
expression of
hostility, such as
through
procrastination,
stubbornness,
sullen behavior, or deliberate or
repeated
failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is
often explicitly
responsible for.
Applied Behavior Analysis -
Anger Management
Toxic
Masculinity is when society tends to promote a certain set of
masculine behaviors that can be harmful to men, women, and society
overall. gender roles idealizing toughness, dominance, self-reliance, and
the restriction of emotion can begin as early as infancy. Includes
dominance,
devaluation of women, extreme self-reliance,
the suppression of emotions, misogyny, homophobia, greed, and violent
domination.
Conformity with certain
traits viewed as traditionally male, such as misogyny, homophobia, and
violence, can be considered
"toxic" due to harmful effects on others in society, while related traits,
including self-reliance and the stifling of emotions, are correlated with
harm to men themselves through psychological problems such as depression,
increased stress, and
substance abuse. Other
traditionally masculine traits such as devotion to work, pride in
excelling at sports, and providing for one's family, are not considered to
be toxic. Toxic masculine norms are characteristic of the unspoken code of
behavior among men in American prisons. The term toxic masculinity has
also been used by some in the mythopoetic men's movement in contrast to a
"real" or "deep" masculinity that they say men have lost touch with in
modern society.
Some behaviors may be a little
extreme, but you need to define extreme.
Toxic Leadership -
Big Ego.
Behavioral Cusp is any behavior change that brings
an organism's behavior into contact with new contingencies that have
far-reaching consequences. A behavioral cusp is a special type of behavior
change because it provides the learner with opportunities to access new
reinforcers, new contingencies, new environments, new related behaviors (generativeness)
and competition with archaic or problem behaviors. It affects the people
around the learner, and these people agree to the behavior change and
support its development after the intervention is removed.
AIR is one of
the world's largest behavioral and social science research and evaluation
organizations.
Abnormal
Behavior in the vivid sense of something
deviating from the normal or
differing from the typical (such as an aberration), is a subjectively
defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or
dysfunctional conditions. Behavior is considered abnormal when it is
atypical, out of the ordinary, causes some kind of impairment, or consists
of undesirable behavior. Often what is abnormal, or what is not abnormal,
is determined by an individual's culture. The definition of what abnormal
behavior is a contentious issue in abnormal psychology. It is an
assumption that abnormal behavior is a disorder that has a physical cause,
specifically that it is related to the physical structure of the brain. A
diagnosis of a mental disorder describes a patient who has a medical
condition and the doctor makes a judgment that the patient is exhibiting
abnormal behavior. The distinction being that mental disorders describe processes, not people.
Idiosyncrasy
is mode of behavior or way of thought
peculiar to an individual.
Considerable
deviation from what is normal or customary. A strange or
unusual habit or way of behaving. Not their usual self.
Mannerism.
Interventions - Intervene
Intervention is a
plan that is
organized by
one or
more people with the
goal
of offering
assistance and
support to someone who is
struggling with a problem and may need to
seek
professional help in order to effectively deal with a particular
problem. The goal is
to give and get someone assistance and support that would help them to get through some kind of
traumatic event or
crisis, or help them with other serious problems like
addiction to drugs or
other things, or being controlled and
brain washed
by a
cult.
Intervention can also refer to the act of using a similar technique within
a
therapy session. Interventions have been used to
address serious personal problems, including alcoholism, compulsive
gambling,
compulsive lying,
corruption, drug abuse,
compulsive eating or other eating disorders,
self
harm and being the
victim of abuse,
like
bullying or
negligence.
Intervene
is to
get involved in a situation, so as to
alter or hinder a
harmful action
using either physical force, the
threat of force
or
diplomacy. To step in
and
come in between a problem in order
to
offer a solution.
Rescue -
First Aid -
Assistance -
Helping -
Hero -
Empathy -
Mindful -
Intrusive Thoughts -
Harm Reduction -
TherapyIf someone
is
hurting themselves or
hurting other people, you have to
say something. But
pick the right time and place
to do it.
Bystander Effect
is when some people
don't
take action and
don't offer
assistance.
Interfere is to
come in between two things so as to be a hindrance or an obstacle to a
problem that is getting worse.
Countermeasure is an
action taken
to
counteract a
danger or
a
threat. To oppose and
mitigate the effects of something and make
it less severe, less harsh or to lessen the seriousness or the extent of a
problem.
Crisis
Negotiation -
Crisis InterventionMedical Interventions are
measures to
improve health or alter
the course of an illness and can be used to
prevent, diagnose, and treat
disease. Can
oxytocin be used as an
intervention drug?
How do you
help someone without
enabling them? How do you help
someone who
can't admit they have a
problem? To let them be, or to intervene? To let them fail, or to help
them succeed? To leave them alone, or to bring them home? Or maybe not do
anything at all and just hope that they will
figure things out on
their own, and not be left to their own demise.
Fall through the Cracks is an expression
that is defined as someone or something that has been overlooked or
unnoticed for so long that they have become worse and are now harder to
repair and harder to help. When someone or something falls through a
weakness in the system, it's like
something falling through a crack, it goes below the surface where it
can't be seen, but you know they're there, because you can hear them
scream.
Drug Interventions Programme is for addiction treatment and other support,
thereby reducing drug-related harm and reducing offending behaviour.
Health Care Intervention: Treating high-need, high-cost patients.
Study found focusing on patients' values instead of problems offered
better results. Patients with complex needs -- serious mental and physical
health problems and substance use disorders -- flock to emergency rooms
costing the health care system billions every year. A new study suggests a
nontraditional approach to these patients can significantly improve their
daily functioning and health outcomes. The diagnostic-based approach --
telling patients what's wrong and here's how to fix it before sending them
on their way -- coupled with a lack of information about where they've
been, has worked spectacularly badly for underserved populations who
already have reason not to trust us. Instead of focusing on their
problems, we focus on their values and goals. Instead of the push and pull
of doctors telling patients not to do something for the sake of their
health, we look at who and what is most important to the client, trust
building and a way to reach the root of the problem. Instead of just
demanding someone to get on their meds, we discussed what was not working
for them. Instead of getting in the medical zone, we would go back to the
dog. He didn't like leaving his best friend behind. We would ask what was
getting in the way of his value to be good to his dog. He identified his
need to get primary care for his chronic illnesses rather than acute
crisis care. This approach gives people the power to decide how they need
to behave instead of being told.
Process Evaluation of Intervention Implementation.
Interventionism in
medicine
is when patients are viewed as
passive
recipients receiving external treatments provided by the physician
that have the effect of prolonging life, or at least of providing a
subjective sense of doing everything possible. Interventionism is commonly
encouraged by
terminally ill
patients and their family members when they are emotionally unprepared
to acknowledge that the patient is going to die. Most healthcare providers
are uncomfortable telling people that further cure-oriented or
life-extending treatment is futile medical care, and patients and families
are frequently angry with the provider or feel rejected by the provider
when they are given accurate, but negative, information about the
patient's prospects. In nearly all cases, "something" can be done for the
patient, and families often reward and encourage a provider who proposes a
string of useless and often directly harmful treatments; as a result, it
is easier for providers to substitute worthless and expensive activity
than to honestly admit that nothing will extend the patient's life.
Interventionism is related to optimism bias. This is the belief that the
patient will beat the odds, no matter how unlikely this might be.
Optimism bias
encourages patients to undertake treatments that have only tiny chances of
success, in the erroneous and irrational belief that they will be part of
the tiny minority that is successful, rather than part of the vast
majority who are not. With terminally ill patients, the attitude of
interventionism prevents providers and patients from taking full advantage
of palliative care options. The primary focus for palliative care is
improving the patient's immediate, daily life through better management of
medications, practical assistance, planning for possible complications,
and other services. Patients who use palliative care services usually live
longer, have fewer disruptive medical crises, incur fewer medical
expenses, and have significantly higher quality of life.
Values-Based and Acceptance-Based Intervention to promote adoption and
maintenance of habitual physical activity among inactive adults with
overweight/obesity: a study protocol for an open trial. Despite the
importance of regular moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical
activity (MVPA) for health benefits and long-term weight management,
current comprehensive lifestyle interventions have focused on providing
MVPA prescriptions and goals but with only minimal and intermittent focus
on psychosocial theoretical constructs and novel strategies, perhaps
explaining the often modest impact on adoption and maintenance of higher
levels of MVPA. An intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy
(ACT) targeting the increase of values-based autonomous motivation could
improve the adoption and maintenance of habitual MVPA among insufficiently
active overweight or obese adults in a brief intervention format.
When it comes to harmful addictions, everyone needs to be a
first responder.
Interventionist
is someone favoring intervention, especially by a government in its
domestic economy or by one country in the affairs of another.
Interventionism in politics is a significant activity undertaken by a
state to influence something not directly under its control.
CODAC -
Social Services.
Economic
Interventionism is an economic policy perspective favoring government
intervention in the market process to correct market failures and promote
the general welfare of the people. An economic intervention is an action
taken by a government or international institution in a market economy in
an effort to impact the economy beyond the basic regulation of fraud and
enforcement of contracts and provision of public goods. Economic
intervention can be aimed at a variety of political or economic
objectives, such as promoting economic growth, increasing employment,
raising wages, raising or reducing prices, promoting income equality,
managing the money supply and interest rates, increasing profits, or
addressing market failures. The term intervention assumes on a
philosophical level that the state and economy should be inherently
separated from each other; therefore the terminology applies to capitalist
market-based economies where government action interrupts the market
forces at play through regulations, economic policies or subsidies
(state-owned enterprises that operate in the market do not constitute an
intervention). The term intervention is typically used by advocates of
laissez-faire and free markets. Capitalist market economies that feature
high degrees of state intervention are often referred to as mixed
economies.
Intercession is the action of
intervening on someone's behalf. The act of intervening as to
mediate a dispute, etc.. A prayer to
God on behalf of another person.
Knowledge Intervention - All
interventions should be about
informing people, and not about giving
people other drugs to be addicted too, or ignoring the fact that people need
help and education.
Dosage needs to
be accurately calculated. As well as the dosage of knowledge and
information that the patient needs. We will help you
transition,
just as long as you agree to
educate yourself. We will give you all the
incentives
that you need, just as long as you agree to strive for
independence and
freedom. A persons
personality can change.
The hardest person to save
is the person that needs to be saved from themselves. Saving someone from
themself is incredibly difficult. Some people are their own worst enemy.
Some people can't face the challenges in their life, or make an attempt to
solve a problem or try to better understand something. People find it
easier to run away from challenges and to live in
denial than it is to face the
truth, or to admit that their reality has some flaws. This type of
learning disability is common with
adults.
Some people
pretend to know
enough about life, so they ignore good
advice and
they
take learning for granted. And some
people
don't know the right questions to
ask and when to ask them, so sometimes you have to help them. And
sometimes they don't want to hear it from you, so you better find someone
else they will
listen to. And you
have to be very careful with what you say and
how you say it. Don't be
condescending and
choose your words very carefully
and make sure the things you say are
relevant.
And you have to remind the person that you don't read minds, so it's their
responsibility to talk and express themselves clearly and honestly without
playing any games, especially games that no one can win. Building
trust is extremely
important. For some people it's hard to
relinquish control to
someone else when they believe that they are in
control
or believe that
they have everything under control. Knowing when things are out of control
is never that obvious to a person who believes that nothing is wrong and
that everything is just fine, or everything is cool or good. Sometimes people want to
blame other people for
their troubles, so they expect others to change instead of them
learning how to change. You can offer to help
someone, but how do you help a person who doesn't want
to help themselves? People can have all kinds of reasons for not wanting
help, like the
Fear of being
stigmatized. So
helping someone can
be like solving a complex puzzle, some pieces don't want to fit, so you
have to work on the pieces that do fit. There is always a way to get
through to someone. You have to
get to know the person. You have to
investigate
subjectively.
You have to do the
research. And you
have to take your work seriously. And some people need a lot of work. And
people will test your
patience
and tolerance. So it
will be challenging and it will be risky. But what would
life be without these
challenges and
risks? The goal is to
learn as much as you can. Saving just one person can end up saving
hundreds if not thousands of other people, and you may even save yourself
in the
process.
Behavior Intervention is a plan that's
designed to teach and
reward positive
behaviors, but rewards and punishments can do more harm than good. You
have to fully explain to a person all the
negative consequences and
the bad side effects that comes from bad behaviors. And you also have to
thoroughly explain all the
benefits that comes from good behaviors and why good behavior is
important. You want to encourage
freedom of
expression, but you have to specify the
responsibilities that comes with
having freedom. Some people can't be left to their own devices, especially
when they don't have enough knowledge and information that would help them
to clearly understand themselves and clearly understand the world around
them. Reinforcement and feedback are two of the most effective behavioral
intervention techniques.
Behavioral Interventions -
Behavioral Interventions.
Most people do
care about themselves, but most people
don't know
how to care about themselves. Most people don't understand how to
effectively maintain a healthy mind and body. When people wait for a
disease to
manifest itself,
it's usually too late. It's better to prevent bad things from happening
than it is to try to make repairs after a
disaster has struck. And
prevention comes learning and having
access to valuable knowledge and information. When we can
correctly incentivize learning, then
we will solve almost every problem in the world.
Reaching Out to Someone means to make an
effort to communicate with someone or to give them your support.
Reach out is to get in touch with someone
or to plan a meeting. To make an effort to do something for other people,
or try to communicate with a person or a group of people.
RIGAAR stands for: Rapport building.
Information gathering. Goal setting. Accessing resources. Agreeing
strategies. Rehearsing success.
Emotional Intelligence - Cognitive Reframing.
Learn2cope is a
peer-led support network for families dealing with addiction and recovery.
Grayken
Addiction Support support and information they need to help address a
child’s substance use, whether your son or daughter is a teenager living
at home or a young adult living independently.
Emergency Psychiatry Interventions is the clinical
application of psychiatry in emergency settings. Conditions requiring
psychiatric interventions may include attempted suicide, substance abuse,
depression, psychosis, violence or other rapid changes in behavior.
Psychiatric emergency services are rendered by professionals in the fields
of medicine, nursing, psychology and social work. The demand for emergency
psychiatric services has rapidly increased throughout the world since the
1960s, especially in urban areas. Care for patients in situations
involving emergency psychiatry is complex. Individuals may arrive in
psychiatric emergency service settings through their own voluntary
request, a referral from another health professional, or through
involuntary commitment. Care of patients requiring psychiatric
intervention usually encompasses crisis stabilization of many serious and
potentially life-threatening conditions which could include acute or
chronic mental disorders or symptoms similar to those conditions.
Involuntary Psychiatric Hold (5250) allows a qualified
officer or clinician to involuntarily confine a person deemed to have
certain mental disorders for up to 14 days, following being involuntarily
held for 72 hours under a Section 5150 hold.
Involuntary Psychiatric Hold (5150) concerns the
involuntary civil commitment to a mental health institution in the State
of California. To end the inappropriate, indefinite, and involuntary
commitment of mentally disordered persons, people with developmental
disabilities, and persons impaired by chronic alcoholism, and to eliminate
legal disabilities; To provide
prompt evaluation and
treatment of persons with serious mental disorders or impaired by chronic
alcoholism; To guarantee and protect public safety; To safeguard
individual rights through judicial review; To provide individualized
treatment, supervision, and placement services by a conservatorship
program for gravely disabled persons; To encourage the full use of all
existing agencies, professional personnel and public funds to accomplish
these objectives and to prevent duplication of services and unnecessary
expenditures; To protect mentally disordered persons and developmentally
disabled persons from criminal acts.
Ventura Early Intervention Prevention Services.
The brain structure that controls our behaviour. Using a unique
medical case, researchers have clearly identified the region of the brain
that controls so-called executive functions.
Research provides tools for achieving the 'how' of well-being in daily
life. Organizations and communities are looking for practical tools to
support mental health amidst this growing crisis, which is taking place
alongside ongoing social and racial unrest. The framework is based on
scientific evidence that suggests well-being can be cultivated through
practice in daily life. The framework focuses on four pillars that have
been studied in the lab and have been shown to improve with training:
awareness, or attentiveness to one's environment and internal cues such as
bodily sensations, thoughts and feelings; connection, or appreciation,
kindness and compassion; insight, which refers to fostering curiosity and
self-knowledge; and purpose, understanding your values and motivations.
For instance, awareness -- and in particular meta-awareness (being aware
that you're aware) -- appears to decrease stress, increase positive
emotions, and can be strengthened through mental training practices like
meditation. Awareness helps curb some of the harmful effects of
distraction, which is shown to impair cognitive function and increase
stress-related responses in the body related to inflammation and aging.
Another example is a trait like purpose in life, which is a personally
meaningful aim that people can apply to daily life. Purpose is associated
with positive biological and physical health outcomes. There are qualities
of a healthy mind that many people don't know are even trainable. The new
framework provides evidence that people can weather life's ups and downs
with resilience, and that the brain and body can change and adapt. Rather
than replacing other views of well-being, researchers say the framework
complements other models by focusing specifically on scientific evidence
for dimensions of well-being that are trainable and can be learned so that
people flourish.
Roughly 5 percent of patients in the U.S. who
account for half the nation's health care costs. Hotspotting is
when providers identify very high-cost patients or superutilizers and
attempt to reduce their medical spending while improving care.
Hotspotting consists of programs that give
at-risk patients sustained contact with doctors, other caregivers, and
social service providers, in an attempt to prevent rehospitalizations and
other intensive, expensive forms of care. A study shows that while the
overall number of people in hotspotting programs who need
rehospitalization declines over the course of the program, it does not
decline by a larger amount than it would if those people were outside the
program's reach. Significantly, the new study was a randomized, controlled
trial, in which two otherwise similar groups of patients in Camden were
separated by one large factor: Some were randomly selected to be part of
the hotspotting program, and an equal number of
randomly selected patients were
not. The two groups generated virtually the same results over time. If you
just look at the individuals in the intervention group, it would look like
the program caused a huge reduction in readmissions. But when you look at
the individuals in the control group -- who were eligible for the program
but were not randomly selected to get it -- you see the exact same
pattern. Overall, the study found that the 180-day hospital readmission
rate was 62.3 percent for people in the program and 61.7 percent for
people not in the program. In short, people in hotspotting programs
require fewer rehospitalizations because any group of patients currently
using a lot of health care resources will tend to have lower health care
use in the future. Previous reports about hotspotting programs had focused
on the roughly 40 percent decline in six-month hospital readmissions --
while not comparing that to the rate for comparable patient groups outside
such programs.
Evidence Based
Care.
Diplomacy -
When a Baby Cries -
Spoiled -
Alarm Fatigue.
Crisis
Assistance Helping Out On The Streets provides mobile crisis
intervention 24/7 in the Eugene-Springfield Metro area. CAHOOTS is
dispatched through the Eugene police-fire-ambulance communications center,
and within the Springfield urban growth boundary, dispatched through the
Springfield non-emergency number. Each team consists of a medic (either a
nurse or an EMT) & a crisis worker (who has at least several years
experience in the mental health field). CAHOOTS provides immediate
stabilization in case of
urgent medical need or psychological crisis,
assessment, information, referral, advocacy & (in some cases)
transportation to the next step in treatment. CAHOOTS offers a broad range
of services, including but not limited to: Crisis Counseling, Suicide
Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention, Conflict Resolution and
Mediation, Grief and loss, Substance Abuse, Housing Crisis, First Aid and
Non-Emergency Medical Care, Resource Connection and Referrals,
Transportation to Services.
Baker Act is
a Florida law that enables families and loved ones to provide emergency
mental health services and temporary detention for people who are impaired
because of their mental illness, and who are unable to determine their
needs for treatment.
Florida Mental Health Act commonly known as the "Baker Act," allows
the involuntary institutionalization and examination of an individual.
Be very aware that there are treatments that
work, but rehab facilities don’t have to use them. Some treatment
facilities reject evidence-based treatments and practice, like cognitive
behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and contingency management,
which can be used alone or in combination with medications. Patients and
families can’t tell good from bad treatment and some rehabs often follow
strict one-size-fits-all approaches. About 70 percent of addiction
treatment facilities use the 12 steps and don't consider better
alternatives.
Insurance Fraud.
Mind and Body Interventions are practices that "employ a variety of
techniques designed to facilitate the
mind's capacity to affect bodily
function and symptoms", and include
guided imagery, guided
meditation and
forms of meditative praxis, hypnosis and
hypnotherapy, prayer, as well as
art therapy,
music therapy,
and dance therapy. All mind–body interventions focus on the
interaction
between the brain, body, and behavior and are practiced with intention to
use the mind to alter physical function and promote overall health and well-being.
Behavioral Therapy
Behavior Therapy is a combination of two or more
therapies and methods that focus on either just
behaviors, or in
combination with
thoughts and
feelings that might be causing
certain behaviors. Those
who practice behavior therapy tend to look more at specific,
learned behaviors and how the environment and
society influences those
behaviors. Those who
practice behavior therapy are called behaviourists. They tend to look for
treatment outcomes that are objectively measurable. Behavior therapy does
not involve one specific method but it has a wide range of techniques that
can be used to treat a person's
psychological problems.
Behavior therapy
breaks down into four disciplines: applied behavior analysis or ABA, the
Teaching Family Model or TFM,
Positive Behavior Support or PBS, and cognitive behavior therapy or CBT.
ABA focuses on the application of learning theory to assess potential
behavior-change procedures and CBT focuses on the thoughts and feelings
behind mental health conditions with treatment plans in psychotherapy to
lessen the issue.
Behavior Regulation
is the ability to
control one's behavior, or
regulate emotions and
responses in different
situations. It's an important skill that helps people
navigate social
interactions, manage stress, and maintain
self-discipline.
Behavior Modification is a type of
behavior that is
used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation. This is often
characterized as a kind of behavior that allows an individual to
change a non-constructive or disruptive behavior to something more constructive.
These behaviors are most often social or personal behaviors. For example,
a constant repetitive action could be re-focused on something that creates
or builds something. In other words, the behavior can be
adapted to
something else.
Applied Behavior Analysis is a scientific discipline
concerned with analyzing the
principles of learning theory and
systematically applying this technology to change behavior of social
significance. It is the applied form of behavior analysis; the other two
forms are radical behaviorism (or the philosophy of the science) and the
experimental analysis of behavior (or experimental research).
Assessments -
Intervention -
Behaviors
-
Body affects the Mind -
Baseline -
Mind Set
Going through a Phase means that a
person is going through a period of change,
development, or
fluctuation. A time when a person is questioning their
understanding of
themselves and the world around them. Sometimes a person may be confused
on what
direction to take in their life.
State of Mind is a person's
mental state or
emotional state, including their
thoughts,
emotions, and
attitudes. It may
also include a person's
reasons
or
motives for certain
behaviors or actions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a psychosocial
Behavior
Intervention that is the most widely used
evidence-based practice
for treating mental disorders. Guided by empirical research,
CBT focuses
on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving
current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognitions (e.g.,
thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes), behaviors, and emotional regulation. It
was originally designed to treat depression, and is now used for a number
of mental health conditions.
Cognitive Emotional Brain (pdf) -
Rumination
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for
insomnia is a behavioral therapy that helps people sleep better by
changing their thought patterns and behaviors. But insomnia is more about
the body than the mind. The body effects your sleep more than what you're
thinking does. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help people
identify the thoughts and
behaviors that make it hard to sleep, but trying to control your thoughts
when sleeping is difficult. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy should help
people remove unhealthy habits that interfere with sleep, and replace bad
habits with good habits that promote better sleep. But CBT can help people
reduce worry and other sources of arousal that can make it hard to sleep.
And CBT can also help people reevaluate beliefs about sleep that might be
causing unnecessary anxiety.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy is a
Therapy designed to help people suffering from mood
disorders as well as those who need to change patterns of behavior that
are not helpful, such as self-harm, suicidal ideation, and substance
abuse. This approach works towards helping people increase their emotional
and cognitive regulation by learning about the triggers that lead to
reactive states and helping to assess which coping skills to apply in the
sequence of events, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to help avoid
undesired reactions. DBT assumes that people are doing their best but lack
the skills needed to succeed, or are influenced by positive or negative
reinforcement that interferes with their ability to function
appropriately.
Transtheoretical Model of behavior change is an integrative theory of
therapy that assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier
behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the
individual. The model is composed of constructs such as: stages of change,
processes of change, levels of change, self-efficacy, and decisional
balance.
Stages of change. This construct
refers to the temporal dimension of behavioural change. In the
transtheoretical model, change is a "process involving progress through a
series of stages": Precontemplation ("not ready") – "People are not
intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware
that their behaviour is problematic". Contemplation ("getting ready") –
"People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic,
and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions".
Preparation ("ready") – "People are intending to take action in the
immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour
change". Action – "People have made specific overt modifications in
modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours".
Maintenance – "People have been able to
sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent
relapse". Termination – "Individuals have zero temptation and they are
sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of
coping". In addition, the researchers conceptualized "Relapse" (recycling)
which is not a stage in itself but rather the "return from Action or
Maintenance to an earlier stage". There are unlimited ways of applying
processes. Risk comparison (
Understand
the risks) – comparing risks with similar dimensional profiles: dread,
control, catastrophic potential and novelty. Cumulative risk (Get the
overall picture) – processing cumulative probabilities instead of single
incident probabilities. Qualitative and quantitative risks (Consider
different factors) – processing different expressions of risk.
Positive framing (Think
positively) – focusing on success instead of failure framing.
Self-examination relate to risk (Be aware of your risks) – conducting an
assessment of risk perception, e.g. personalisation, impact on others.
Reevaluation of outcomes (Know the outcomes) – emphasising positive
outcomes of alternative behaviours and reevaluating outcome expectancies.
Perception of benefits (Focus on benefits)
– perceiving advantages of the healthy behaviour and disadvantages of the
risk behaviour. Self-efficacy and social support (Get help) – mobilising
social support; skills training on coping with emotional disadvantages of
change.
Decision making
perspective (Decide) – focusing on making the decision. Tailoring on time
horizons (Set the time frame) – incorporating personal time horizons.
Focus on important factors (Prioritise) – incorporating personal factors
of highest importance. Trying out new behaviour (Try it) – changing
something about oneself and gaining experience with that behaviour.
Persuasion of positive outcomes (Persuade yourself) – promoting new
positive outcome expectations and reinforcing existing ones. Modelling
(Build scenarios) – showing models to overcome barriers effectively. Skill
improvement (Build a supportive environment) – restructuring environments
to contain important, obvious and socially supported cues for the new
behaviour. Coping with barriers (Plan to tackle barriers) –
identifying barriers and planning solutions
when facing these obstacles. Goal setting (Set goals) – setting specific
and incremental goals. Skills enhancement (Adapt your strategies) –
restructuring cues and social support; anticipating and circumventing
obstacles; modifying goals. Dealing with barriers (Accept setbacks) –
understanding that setbacks are normal and can be overcome. Self-rewards
for success (Reward yourself) – feeling good about progress; reiterating
positive consequences. Coping skills (Identify difficult situations) –
identifying high risk situations; selecting solutions; practicing
solutions; coping with
relapse.
Cognitive
Reframing consists of identifying and then disputing irrational or
maladaptive thoughts.
Reframing is a way of viewing and experiencing events, ideas, concepts and
emotions to find more positive alternatives.
Analysis.
Cognitive
Restructuring is a process of learning to identify and dispute
irrational or maladaptive thoughts known as cognitive distortions.
Cognitive restructuring involves four steps: Identification of problematic
cognitions known as "automatic thoughts" (ATs) which are dysfunctional or
negative views of the self, world, or future based upon already existing
beliefs about oneself, the world, or the future. Identification of the
cognitive distortions in the ATs. Rational disputation of ATs with the
Socratic method. Development of a rational rebuttal to the ATs. There are
six types of automatic thoughts: Self-evaluated thoughts. Thoughts about
the evaluations of others. Evaluative thoughts about the other person with
whom they are interacting. Thoughts about coping strategies and behavioral
plans. Thoughts of avoidance. Any other thoughts that were not
categorized.
Adaptive Behavior
is a type of behavior that is used to
adjust to another type of behavior
or situation. This is often characterized as a kind of behavior that
allows an individual to
change a nonconstructive or disruptive behavior to
something more constructive. These behaviors are most often social or
personal behaviors. For example, a constant repetitive action could be
re-focused on something that creates or builds something. In other words,
the behavior can be
adapted to something else.
In contrast,
maladaptive behavior is a type
of behavior that is often used to reduce one's anxiety, but the result is
dysfunctional and non-productive. For example, avoiding situations because
you have
unrealistic fears may
initially reduce your anxiety, but it is non-productive in alleviating the
actual problem in the long term. Maladaptive behavior is frequently used
as an indicator of abnormality or mental dysfunction, since its assessment
is relatively free from subjectivity. However, many behaviors considered
moral can be maladaptive, such as dissent or abstinence. Adaptive behavior
reflects an individual’s social and practical
competence to meet the demands of
everyday living. Behavior patterns change throughout a person's
development, across life settings and social constructs, changes in
personal values, and the expectations of others. It is important to assess
adaptive behavior in order to determine how well an individual functions
in daily life: vocationally, socially and educationally.
Life Skills
-
Behavioral Interventions -
Sustainable Behavior (pdf)
Behavioural Change Theories
are attempts to explain why behaviours
change. These theories cite
environmental, personal, and behavioural characteristics as the major
factors in behavioural determination. In recent years, there has been
increased interest in the application of these theories in the areas of
health,
education, criminology, energy and international development with
the hope that understanding behavioural change will improve the services
offered in these areas.
PDF.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is an empirically-based
psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies
mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to
increase psychological flexibility.
Nudging - Inciting instead of coercing. Nudges prove their
effectiveness. By making small changes in our environment, these
interventions aim to encourage changes in our
behavior, while preserving our freedom of choice. From adding informative
labels to reorganizing the food offer in a cafeteria, the overall
effectiveness of these interventions has now been demonstrated.
Nudging theory is based on the principle that our choices are not only
determined by our ability to reason, but are also influenced by certain
biases such as our emotions, our memories, the opinions of others or the
configuration of our environment. Focusing on these elements can therefore
be more effective in getting us to change certain behaviors than a ban or
an awareness-raising campaign.
Nudge
is to push against something gently or to give a slight push or shake. To
push into action by pestering or annoying gently.
Nudge
Theory proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as
ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or
individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such
as education, legislation or enforcement. A nudge makes it more likely
that an individual will make a particular choice, or behave in a
particular way, by altering the environment so that automatic cognitive
processes are triggered to favour the desired outcome. An individual’s
behaviour is not always in alignment with their intentions (termed a
value-action gap).
Coerced
Abstinence is a drug rehabilitation strategy which uses
frequent monitoring and
immediate
punishment to
reduce drug use among
participants.
Sober Companion.
Quantitative Analysis of Behavior uses quantitative models
in the experimental
analysis of behavior.
Behavioural Despair Test is a test, centered on a
rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been
interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly
used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants, although significant
criticisms of its interpretation have been made.
Developmental-Behavioral Screening and Surveillance is early detection
of children with developmental-behavioral delays and disabilities to make
sure that those with difficulties receive the benefits of early
intervention.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a
health survey that looks at behavioral risk factors.
Childhood cognitive problems could lead to mental health issues in later
life. Children experiencing cognitive problems such as low attention,
poor memory or lack of inhibition may later suffer mental health issues as
teenagers and young adults, a new study reveals.
Four Noble Truths are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause
of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path
that leads to the end of suffering.
Presenting Problem. The chief complaint is a
concise statement describing
the symptom, problem, condition, diagnosis, physician-recommended
return, or other reason for a medical encounter. In some instances, the
nature of a patient's chief complaint may determine if services are
covered by insurance. When obtaining the chief complaint, medical students
are advised to use open-ended questions. Once the presenting problem is
elucidated, a history of present illness can be done using acronyms such
as
SOCRATES or
OPQRST to further analyze
the severity, onset and nature of the presenting problem. The patient's
initial comments to a physician, nurse, or other health care professionals
are important for formulating differential diagnoses. (reason for
encounter, problem on admission or reason for presenting).
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is a form of counseling and a branch
of clinical behavior analysis. It is an empirically-based psychological
intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in
different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to increase
psychological flexibility.
Better Analysis of Psychological Flexibility. Psychological
flexibility -- the bedrock of a much-used psychological therapy.
Increasing numbers of people of all ages experiencing some form of
psychological distress are well-documented and reported in the media. A
key therapeutic resource for clinicians and their clients is Acceptance
and Commitment Therapy (ACT), where difficult feelings are not eliminated
but rather accepted by clients so that they can commit to move towards
behaviour and goals in line with their chosen values.
Deprogramming
refers to measures that claim to assist a person who holds a controversial
belief system in changing those beliefs and abandon allegiance to the
religious,
political, economic, or
social group associated
with the belief system. The dictionary definition of deprogramming is "to
free" or "to retrain" someone from specific beliefs, some controversial
methods and practices of self-identified "
deprogrammers" have involved
kidnapping, false imprisonment, and coercion, which have sometimes
resulted in criminal convictions of the deprogrammers. Some deprogramming
regimens are designed for individuals taken against their will, which has
led to controversies over freedom of religion, kidnapping, and civil
rights, as well as the violence which is sometimes involved.
Behavior Change Method is a theory-based method for changing one or
several psychological determinants of behavior such as a person's attitude
or self-efficacy. Such behavior change methods are used in behavior change
interventions. Although of course attempts to influence people's attitude
and other psychological determinants were much older, especially the
definition developed in the late nineties yielded useful insights, in
particular four important benefits: It developed a generic, abstract
vocabulary that facilitated discussion of the active ingredients of an
intervention. It emphasized the distinction between behavior change
methods and practical applications of these methods. It included the
concept of 'parameters for effectiveness', important conditions for
effectiveness often neglected. It drew attention to the fact that behavior
change methods are influence specific determinants (when developing an
intervention, one first has to identify the relevant determinant, and
then, identify matching behavior change methods, see also the steps in
intervention mapping). Traditionally, reports of evaluations of behavior
change interventions barely described the actual intervention, making it
very difficult to identify the most effective methods. This was
increasingly recognized in the late nineties and early twenty-first
century, where behavior change methods gained increasing popularity, and
another taxonomy was developed and subsequently gained popularity that
enabled coding previously published interventions.
Value-Action Gap is the space that occurs when the values (personal
and cultural) or attitudes of an individual do not correlate to their
actions. More generally, it is the difference between what people say and
what people do. Research suggests that there are many internal and
external factors that affect behavior and the reasons behind consumer
choices. Theories regarding reasoned action state how attitudes shape and
influence behavioral intention, which in term shape actions.
Theory of Reasoned Action aims to explain the relationship between
attitudes and behaviours within human action. It is mainly used to predict
how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and
behavioral intentions. An individual's decision to engage in a particular
behavior is based on the outcomes the individual expects will come as a
result of performing the behavior.
Reasoned Action Approach is an integrative framework for the
prediction (and change) of human social behavior. The reasoned-action
approach states that attitudes towards the behavior, perceived norms, and
perceived behavioral control determine people's intentions, while people's
intentions predict their behaviors.
Social and Behavior Change Communication is an interactive process of
any intervention with individuals, group or community (as integrated with
an overall program) to develop communication strategies to promote
positive behaviors which are appropriate to their settings and there by
solve world's most pressing health problems. This in turn provides a
supportive environment which will enable people to initiate, sustain and
maintain positive and desirable behavior outcomes.
Lifestyle Medicine is a branch of medicine dealing with research,
prevention and treatment of disorders caused by lifestyle factors such as
nutrition, physical inactivity, and chronic stress. In the clinic, major
barriers to lifestyle counseling are that physicians feel ill-prepared and
are skeptical about their patients' receptivity. Poor lifestyle choices
like dietary patterns, physical inactivity, tobacco use, excessive alcohol
consumption, as well as psychosocial factors, e.g. chronic stress and lack
of social support and community, contribute to chronic disease. Coaching
and supporting people how to cook healthy food at home can be part of a
lifestyle-oriented medical practice.
Behavioral Design is a sub-category of design, which is concerned
with how design can shape, or be used to influence human behaviour. All
approaches of design for behaviour change acknowledge that artefacts have
an important influence on human behaviour and/or behavioural decisions.
They strongly draw on theories of behavioural change, including the
division into personal, behavioural, and environmental characteristics as
drivers for behaviour change. Areas in which design for behaviour change
has been most commonly applied include health and wellbeing,
sustainability, safety and social context, as well as crime prevention.
Behavior Modification relies on the following: Reinforcement (positive
and negative). Punishment (positive and negative). Extinction. Shaping.
Fading. Chaining.
Attitude Change are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some
object. They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior
of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by
the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when
cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior
conflict. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of affective and
cognitive components. It has been suggested that the inter-structural
composition of an associative network can be altered by the activation of
a single node. Thus, by activating an affective or emotional node,
attitude change may be possible, though affective and cognitive components
tend to be intertwined.
Behavior Change in context of public health, refers to efforts put in
place to change people's personal habits and attitudes, to prevent
disease. Behavior change in public health is also known as social and
behavior change communication (SBCC). More and more, efforts focus on
prevention of disease to save healthcare care costs. This is particularly
important in low and middle income countries, such as Ghana, where health
interventions have come under increased scrutiny because of the cost.
Individual and interpersonal. Health belief model: It is a psychological
model attempting to provide an explanation and prediction of health
behaviors through a focus on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.
Based on the belief that the perception an individual has determines their
success in taking on that behavior change. Factors: perceived.
susceptibility/severity/benefits/barriers, readiness to act, cues to
action, and self-efficacy. Protection motivation theory: Focuses on
understanding the fear appeal that mediates behavior change and describes
how threat/coping appraisal is related to how adaptive or maladaptive when
coping with a health threat.
Factors:
perceived severity, vulnerability, response efficacy. Transtheoretical
model: This theory uses "stages of change" to create a nexus between
powerful principles and processes of behavior change derived from leading
theories of behavior change. Incorporates aspects of the integrative
biopsychosocial model (CITE). Self-regulation theory: Embodies the belief
that people have control over their own behavior change journey, as long
as they have the resources and understanding to do so. Aims to create
long-term effects for particular situations and contexts. Mainly focuses
on stopping negative behaviors. Relapse prevention model: Focuses on
immediate determinants and underhanded antecedent behaviors/factors that
contribute and/or lead to relapse. Aims to identify high-risk situations
and work with participants to cope with such conditions. Factors:
self-efficacy, stimulus control. Behaviorist learning theory: Aims to
understand prior context of behavior development that leads to certain
consequences. Social cognitive theory: Explains behavior learning through
observation and social contexts. Centered on the belief that behavior is a
context of the environment through psychological processes. Factors:
self-efficacy, knowledge, behavioral capability, goal setting, outcome
expectations, observational learning, reciprocal determinism,
reinforcement. Self-determination theory: Centers around support for
natural and/or intrinsic tendencies with behavior and provides
participants with healthy and effective ways to work with those. Factors:
autonomy, competence, and skills. Theory of planned behavior: Aims to
predict the specific plan of an individual to engage in a behavior (time
and place), and apply to behaviors over which people have the ability to
enact self-control over. Factors: behavioral intent, evaluation of risks
and behavior.
Community. Community-based
participatory research (CBPR): Utilizes community researcher partnership
and collaboration. People in the designated community work with the
researcher to play an active role as well as being the subjects of the
study. Diffusion of innovations: Seeks to explain how new ideas and
behaviors are communicated and spread throughout groups. Factors: relative
advantage, compatibility, complexity, trial-ability, observability.
Person-Situation Debate in personality psychology refers to the
controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more
influential in determining a person's behavior. Personality trait
psychologists believe that a person's personality is relatively consistent
across situations. Situationists, opponents of the trait approach, argue
that people are not consistent enough from situation to situation to be
characterized by broad personality traits. The debate is also an important
discussion when studying social psychology, as both topics address the
various ways a person could react to a given situation.
Exit Counseling assures the subject of the freedom to leave at any
time. Deprogramming entails coercion and confinement.
Inhibition -
Programming -
Brain Washing
-
Intervention -
Therapy
Community Reinforcement approach and family training is a behavior
therapy approach for treating addiction that uses
operant conditioning to
help people learn to reduce the power of their addictions and enjoy
healthy life. CRAFT combines CRA with family training, which equips family
and friends with
supportive techniques to encourage their loved ones to
begin and continue treatment, and provides defenses against addiction's
damaging effects on loved ones.
Recovery Coaching is a form of strengths-based support for people with
addictions or in recovery from alcohol, other drugs, codependency, or
other addictive behaviors. They work with people who have active
addictions, as well as those already in recovery. Recovery coaches are
helpful for making decisions about what to do with one's life and the part
addiction or recovery plays in it. They help clients find ways to stop
addiction (abstinence), or reduce harm associated with addictive
behaviors. These coaches can help a client find resources for harm
reduction, detox, treatment, family support and education, local or online
support groups; or help a client create a change plan to recover on their
own. Recovery coaches do not offer primary treatment for addiction, do not
diagnose, and are not associated with any particular method or means of
recovery. They support any positive change, helping persons coming home
from treatment to avoid relapse, build community support for recovery, or
work on life goals not related to addiction such as relationships, work,
or education. Recovery coaching is action-oriented with an emphasis on
improving present life and reaching future goals. Recovery coaching is
unlike most therapy because coaches do not address the past, do not work
to heal trauma, and put little emphasis on feelings. Recovery coaches are
unlike licensed addiction counselors in that they are non-clinical and do
not diagnose or treat addiction or any mental health issues.
Resources for Behavioral
Health Problems
Advanced
Behavioral Health
Behaviorology
National Council for Behavioral Health
Ideas
42
Behavior Advisor
Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS)
Behavioral Health Resources
ACT
Engage Behavior Assessment
How Epigenetics Can Affect Ants’ Behavior (youtube)
Behavioral Medicine Research
UCLA
Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture
Behavior
My Childs Behavior
Related Subjects -
Behavioral Addiction
-
Addictions -
Anxiety -
Trauma -
Introvert -
Extrovert
-
Assessments
-
Punishment -
Placebos -
Toxoplasmosis -
Hormones -
Epigenetics -
Programing
-
Modify -
Learning Methods - Learned Behavior -
Smart Drugs
-
Self Smart -
Interpersonal intelligence -
Child Development.
Alzheimer's - Neurodegenerative Disease
Alzheimer's Association
2016
Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures.
Alzheimer's disease is
the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. More than 5
million Americans are living with Alzheimer's. Every 66 seconds,
someone in the United States develops Alzheimer's disease.
More than 3
million US cases per year. Nearly half of care contributors -- those
who are
caregivers of someone with Alzheimer's and/or contribute
financially to their care -- cut back on their own expenses (including
food, transportation and medical care) to pay for dementia-related care of
a family member or friend. In 2015, 15.9 million caregivers provided an
estimated 18.1 billion hours of unpaid care valued at more than $221
billion. Alzheimer's is the only cause of death among the top 10 in
America that cannot be prevented, cured, or even slowed. There are
approximately 700,000 people dying each year because they have
Alzheimer's. 1 in 3 seniors dies with Alzheimer's or another dementia.
Deaths from
Alzheimer's disease rose by 55 percent over the last 15 years.
In a person with Alzheimer's, disruptions to specialized transporter
proteins in the blood-brain barrier may keep glucose from reaching the
brain and prevent toxic beta-amyloid and tau proteins from being cleared
away. This leads to inflammation, which may further worsen pathological
changes in the brain.
Alzheimer's Association -
Alzheimer's Foundation -
Toxins -
Pollution -
Neuro-Degenerative -
Dementia -
Brain Injuries
5.8 Million People is the estimated number
of people in the United States with Alzheimer’s disease.
13.8 million People are expected to have
Alzheimer’s disease in the United States by 2050. Alzheimer's pathology
effects
40 million people.
Pathology of Alzheimer's disease is characterized, in part, by
extracellular Aβ deposits, commonly referred to as plaques, as well as
intracellular tau protein tangles. The inherently disordered,
aggregation-prone Aβ peptide remains an extremely challenging system to
work with. One of the substantial challenges is the peptide's propensity
toward substantial variance of aggregation properties. Some of this
variance is intrinsic to the synthetic history of the peptide synthesis.
In addition to that, small impurities, such as those present in buffers
and reagents needed to conduct the various assays, may induce pronounced
changes in aggregation.
Suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathophysiology is a biomarker-based
concept that applies to individuals with normal levels of amyloid-β
biomarkers in the brain, but in whom biomarkers of neurodegeneration are
abnormal. The term SNAP has been applied to individuals who are clinically
normal for their age and to individuals with mild cognitive impairment,
but is applicable to any amyloid-negative, neurodegeneration-positive
individual regardless of clinical status, except when the pathology
underlying neurodegeneration can be confidently inferred from the clinical
presentation. SNAP is present in ~23% of clinically normal individuals
aged >65 years and in ~25% of mildly cognitively impaired individuals.
APOE4 is underrepresented in individuals with SNAP compared with
amyloid-positive individuals. Clinically normal and mildly impaired
individuals with SNAP have worse clinical and/or cognitive outcomes than
individuals with normal levels of neurodegeneration and amyloid-β
biomarkers. In this Perspectives article we describe the available data on
SNAP and address topical controversies in the field. A hallmark pathology
of AD is the presence of amyloid plaques in the brain, which are mainly
aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, among which Aβ42 is the most
neurotoxic. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the abnormal
accumulation of amyloid beta and hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins.
There are over 55 million people worldwide living with dementia in
2020. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 78 million
in 2030
Support
for Older Adults with Memory Loss and their Families.
Alanna Shaikh (video and interactive text)
Samuel Chen: Alzheimer can be Cured (video
and interactive text)
Alzheimer Disease is a chronic
neurodegenerative disease that usually
starts slowly and worsens over time. It is
the cause of 60% to 70% of
cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is
difficulty in
remembering recent events (short-term memory loss). As the disease
advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation
(including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not
managing self care, and
behavioral issues. As a
person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society.
Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.
Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy
following diagnosis is
three to nine years.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Early onset dementia more common than previously reported. The
incidence of Alzheimer's disease seems to be on the rise.
New blood test can detect 'toxic' protein years before Alzheimer's
symptoms emerge, study shows. Researchers can detect 'toxic' small
aggregates of a particular protein in the blood of individuals with
Alzheimer's disease, as well as in individuals who showed no signs of
cognitive impairment at the time the blood sample was taken, but who
developed it at a later date. This blood test picks up oligomers -- or
small,
misfolded aggregates -- of the
amyloid beta protein, which scientists believe triggers the development of
Alzheimer's.
Alzheimer's disease researchers study gene associated with the brain's
immune cells. Researchers are studying how the reduction of a gene
variant found in the brain's immune cells could diminish the risk of
late-onset Alzheimer's disease. They focused their investigation on
INPP5D,
a microglia-specific gene that has been shown to increase the risk for
developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Microglia are the brain's immune cells and there are multiple
microglial genes associated with
neuro-degeneration.
Beta Amyloid denotes peptides of 36–43
amino
acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main
component of the
amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer
patients.
Sleep Disorders -
Glia Cells
Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. The
assembly of naturally occurring amyloid peptides into cytotoxic oligomeric
and fibrillar aggregates is believed to be a major pathologic event in
over 25 human diseases. Blocking of or interfering with the aggregation of
amyloid peptides such as amyloid-β (Aβ) using small organic molecules,
peptides and peptidomimetics, and nanoparticles that selectively bind or
inhibit Aβ aggregates is a promising strategy for the development of novel
pharmaceutical approaches and agents to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). In
a broad sense, considering many common features in structure, kinetics,
and biological activity of amyloid peptides, potent inhibitors and
associated inhibition strategies that are developed for targeting Aβ
aggregation could also be generally applied to other amyloid-forming
peptides in "protein-aggregation diseases". Due to the complex nature of
Aβ self-assembly process, increasing knowledge in high-resolution
structures of Aβ oligomers, atomic-level Aβ-inhibitor binding information,
and cost-effective high-throughput screening method will improve our
fundamental understanding of amyloid formation and inhibition mechanisms,
as well as practical design of pharmaceutical strategies and drugs to
treat AD. This review summarizes major findings, recent advances, and
future challenges for the development of new Aβ-aggregation inhibitors,
mainly focusing on three major classes of Aβ inhibitors with associated
inhibition mechanisms and practical. examples.
Amyloid Plaques -
Plaques -
Tangles
Amyloid Plaques must be Cleared Away -
Sleeping
Newly identified cellular trash removal program helps create new neurons.
New research reveals how a cellular filament helps neural stem cells clear
damaged and clumped proteins, an important step in eventually producing
new neurons. In a mouse model, the team identified a cellular filament
known as
vimentin as a key component of neural stem cells' protein-management
system. They found that vimentin brings proteasomes -- molecular garbage
disposals that can digest targeted proteins -- to clumps of damaged
proteins that must be removed for cells to function properly. Neural stem
cells accumulate damaged proteins during the aging process, or when they
are dormant or exposed to toxic chemicals.
Brain's Waste-Removal System. About 170 billion cells are in the
brain, and as they go about their regular tasks, they produce waste — a
lot of it. To stay healthy, the brain needs to wash away all that debris.
The scientists named it the
glymphatic system, a nod to the body's lymphatic system, which helps
fight infection, maintain fluid levels and filter out waste products and
abnormal cells.
During sleep, slow electrical waves push the fluid around
cells from deep in the brain to its surface. There, a sophisticated
interface allows the waste products in that fluid to be absorbed into the
bloodstream, which takes them to the liver and kidneys to be removed from
the body. One of the waste products carried away is amyloid, the substance
that forms sticky plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's
disease, which happens because the brain's waste-removal system is
impaired.
Common viruses may be triggering the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Two
common viruses lie dormant in neurons --
herpes simplex virus, and
varicella zoster virus. Lab models of the human brain show that
activation or re-infection of VZV can trigger neuroinflammation and wake
up HSV, leading to accumulation of Alzheimer's linked proteins and neural
decline. Shingles infection may activate dormant neurological herpes
viruses, causing inflammation and accumulation of Alzheimer's associated
proteins in the brain.
Mitochondrial roles in antiviral immunity modify manifestations of
neurological diseases. Scientists report that a progressive
neurodegenerative disease can be triggered by a viral infection. The
mechanism relates to mitochondrial roles in antiviral defense mechanisms.
The scientists report that a specific gene variant affecting the
mitochondria disturb cellular antiviral defense responses. The results
implicate that viral infections can trigger and modify symptoms of
neurological diseases in subjects carrying genetic sensitivity. A
multidisciplinary team led by academy professor Anu Suomalainen discovered
that a genetic variant affecting the function of mitochondrial POLG enzyme
delays detection of viral infection, leading to delayed severe
inflammatory reaction damaging the brain and liver. The POLG variant
originates from a single individual dating back to Viking times and has
spread to populations of European origin. If a subject inherits the
POLG-variant from both parents, a neurological disease, MIRAS
(mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome), manifests.
Major contributor to Alzheimer's disease discovered. Research reports
on a pathway that
begins in the gut and ends with a potent pro-inflammatory toxin in
brain cells contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
They also report a potentially simple way to prevent it.
Experimental Drug Shows Potential Against Alzheimer’s Disease. The new
drug, called CA, works by increasing the number of those
LAMP2A
receptors. The cell-cleaning process known as
chaperone-mediated autophagy becomes less efficient as people age,
increasing the risk that unwanted proteins will accumulate into insoluble
clumps that damage cells. Drugs for revving up CMA may offer hope for
treating
neurodegenerative diseases. In CMA,
proteins called chaperones bind to damaged or defective proteins in cells
of the body. The chaperones ferry their cargo to the cells' lysosomes --
membrane-bound organelles filled with enzymes, which digest and recycle
waste material. To successfully get their cargo into lysosomes, however,
chaperones must first "dock" the material onto a protein receptor called
LAMP2A that sprouts from the membranes of lysosomes. The more LAMP2A
receptors on lysosomes, the greater the level of CMA activity possible.
The new drug, called CA, works by increasing the number of those LAMP2A
receptors. You produce the same amount of LAMP2A receptors throughout
life, but those receptors deteriorate more quickly as you age, so older
people tend to have less of them available for delivering unwanted
proteins into
lysosomes.
Blood
Brain Barrier -
Neuroplasticity
Unique case of disease resistance reveals possible Alzheimer's treatment.
Study identifies gene variant as potential drug target. The research
focused on the case of a woman who carried a gene mutation known to cause
early-onset Alzheimer's. However, she did not develop signs of the disease
until her seventies, nearly three decades after her expected age of onset.
The researchers suspect that she may have been protected because in
addition to the gene mutation causing early-onset Alzheimer's in her
family, she also had two copies of the
APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch) gene variant. Findings of this case study
as published in Nature Medicine suggest that two copies of the APOE3ch
variant, named after Christchurch, New Zealand where it was first
identified, may protect against Alzheimer's.
Senile Plaques are extracellular deposits of
amyloid beta in the
grey matter of the brain. Degenerative neural
structures and an abundance of microglia and astrocytes can be associated
with senile plaque deposits. These deposits can also be a byproduct of
senescence (ageing). However, large numbers of senile plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles are characteristic features of Alzheimer's
disease. Abnormal neurites in senile plaques are composed primarily of
paired helical filaments, a component of neurofibrillary tangles. The
plaques are variable in shape and size, but are on average 50 µm in size.
In Alzheimer's disease they are primarily composed of amyloid beta
peptides. These polypeptides tend to aggregate and are believed to be
neurotoxic.
Neurofibrillary Tangle are aggregates of
hyperphosphorylated
tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary
marker of Alzheimer's disease. Their presence is also found in numerous
other diseases known as tauopathies. Little is known about their exact
relationship to the different pathologies.
Researchers uncover a potential method for interrupting the misfolding of
tau protein that underlies neurodegenerative disease. A spectrum of
neurodegenerative diseases, including
frontotemporal dementia,
progressive supranuclear palsy and
corticobasal degeneration are due to the accumulation of abnormal,
misfolded tau proteins in the brain.
Scientists have now found potential ways to interrupt this process by
targeting 'sticky' sites along the long form of mutated tau, preventing
the
misfolding and spreading of the
neurofibrillary tangles.
Apolipoprotein E or ApoE is a class of proteins involved in the
metabolism of fats in the body. It is important in Alzheimer's disease and
cardiovascular disease. Lipoproteins are molecules composed of fats and
proteins. Apolipoprotein E is a fat-binding protein (apolipoprotein) that
is part of the chylomicron and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDLs).
These are essential for the normal processing (catabolism) of
triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In peripheral tissues, ApoE is primarily
produced by the liver and macrophages, and mediates cholesterol
metabolism. In the central nervous system, ApoE is mainly produced by
astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons via ApoE receptors, which
are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. ApoE is
the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain.
A woman in a Alzheimer afflicted family somehow fended off the disease
carried the
same mutation that usually guarantees dementia. Her brain was filled
with plaques formed by a sticky protein called amyloid. Many scientists
view that accumulation as one of the
earliest signs of the disease. Yet she stayed sharp until her 70s.
Researchers were stumped, until they discovered that the woman also
carried another, extremely rare genetic mutation that seemed to be
protecting her from the effects of the first one. This second mutation, in
a different Alzheimer’s-related gene called APOE, seemed to slow the
disease down by decades.
Female chromosomes offer resilience to Alzheimer's. Study reveals that
females' second X chromosome confers protection. While much of a female's
second X chromosome is "silenced" by an outer layer of non-coding RNA, a
small number of genes escape this process, in both mice and humans, giving
females twice the dose of the proteins coded for by those genes. The
researchers zeroed in on one of these active genes,
KDM6A, which is
already known to be involved in learning and cognition: when this gene
malfunctions, it causes Kabuki syndrome, characterized by developmental
delay and mild to severe intellectual disability.
Why do some neurons degenerate and die in Alzheimer's disease, but not
others? Researchers have uncovered molecular clues that help explain
what makes some neurons more susceptible than others in
Alzheimer's
disease. The scientists present evidence that neurons with high levels of
the protein apolipoprotein E (apoE) are more sensitive to degeneration,
and that this susceptibility is linked to apoE's regulation of
immune-response molecules within neurons.
Clearance of protein linked to Alzheimer's controlled by circadian cycle.
Ability of immune system to destroy Alzheimer's-related protein oscillates
with daily
circadian rhythm. The research
underscores the importance of healthy
sleep habits
in preventing the protein Amyloid-Beta 42 (AB42) from forming clumps in
the brain, and opens a path to potential Alzheimer's therapies.
Visceral Fat predicts Alzheimer's 20 years ahead of symptoms.
Researchers have linked
visceral fat to the abnormal proteins in the brain that are hallmarks
of Alzheimer's disease up to 20 years before the earliest symptoms of
dementia appear, according to a new study. The researchers emphasized that
lifestyle modifications targeted at reducing
visceral fat could
influence the development of Alzheimer's disease. An estimated 6.9 million
Americans, aged 65 and older, are living with Alzheimer's disease,
according to the Alzheimer's Association. The association estimates this
number could grow to 13 million by 2050, barring the development of
medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure the disease. We investigated the
association of
BMI, visceral
fat, subcutaneous fat, liver fat fraction, thigh fat and muscle, as well
as
insulin resistance and
HDL or good cholesterol with amyloid and tau deposition in Alzheimer's
disease. The findings revealed that higher levels of visceral fat were
related to increased amyloid, accounting for 77% of the effect of high BMI
on amyloid accumulation. Other types of fat did not explain
obesity-related increased Alzheimer's pathology. Our study showed that
higher visceral fat was associated with higher
PET levels of the two hallmark pathologic proteins of Alzheimer's
disease -- amyloid and tau.
Promising Alzheimer's drug may also improve memory in Down syndrome and
normal aging. The results suggest that
GM-CSF may improve cognitive function in people with Down syndrome.
The drug sargramostim (GM-CSF, which stands for
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) is also the first to
show memory improvement in Alzheimer's patients in a phase II clinical
trial. GM-CSF is a normal human protein that is safe and well-tolerated
with over 30 years of FDA-approved use for other disorders.
Beer hops compounds could help protect against Alzheimer's disease.
Beer is one of the oldest and most popular beverages in the world, with
some people loving and others hating the distinct, bitter taste of the
hops used to flavor its many varieties. But an especially 'hoppy' brew
might have unique health benefits. Recent research reports that chemicals
extracted from hop flowers can, in lab dishes, inhibit the clumping of
amyloid beta proteins, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Neuroscientists spark shelter-seeking response by reactivating memory
circuit. Findings could spur new ways to study and treat human memory
loss, including Alzheimer's disease. The team found that stimulating
neurons in two areas of mouse brains -- the
nucleus accumbens, also known
as the brain's "pleasure center" responsible for relaying
dopamine-dependent behaviors, and the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG),
responsible for defensive behavior -- reactivated a "spatial memory" and
caused the mice to seek shelter. To selectively tag shelter memory
neurons, the researchers used a light-activated gene-expression switching
system called Cal-light, which Kwon developed in 2017. Once the scientists
identified these neurons in the nucleus accumbens, they switched on
expression of the genes associated with them, reactivating the
shelter-seeking memory in mice while also activating neurons in the dPAG.
In turn, the mice sought out the area of the box where the shelter had
once been, when neither the original threat nor the shelter were present.
Huntington's Disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that
causes nerve cells or neurons in parts of the brain to gradually break
down and die. The disease attacks areas of the brain that help to control
voluntary or intentional movement, as well as other areas.
Pathologic polyglutamine aggregation begins with a self-poisoning
polymer crystal.
PolyQ-expanded proteins impair cellular proteostasis of ataxin-3
through sequestering the co-chaperone HSJ1 into aggregates.
Cell Biology: How mitochondria report stress. Researchers have
discovered the mechanism by which the protein DELE1 detects organelle
stress. This offers a possible new approach for treating neurodegenerative
diseases. The researchers found a new signaling pathway consisting of the
proteins OMA1, DELE1, and HRI, which looks after such tasks. DELE1 also
recognizes dysfunctions in the mitochondrial enzymes PITRM1 and MPP. In
neurodegenerative diseases, these enzymes are mutated.
A molecule is shown to produce cognitive improvement in rodents with early
Alzheimer's disease. WIN55.212-2 drug protects brain and reverses
initial cognitive damage caused by dementia, rodent study suggests.
Scientists have come up with a drug that is a potential candidate for
tackling memory deficits in the early stages of the disease in rodents.
Research shows that the drug activates the
cannabinoid neurotransmitter system, which protects the brain, and
this stimulates the cholinergic system (which controls memory and
learning) by increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter
in the brain that controls memory and learning). These results open up a
promising therapeutic approach.
Neurodegenerative
Neurodegenerative Disease is caused by the progressive loss of
structure or
function of neurons, in the process known as
neurodegeneration. Such
neuronal damage may ultimately involve
cell death.
Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple
sclerosis, Parkinson's disease,
Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease,
multiple system atrophy, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be
found in the brain at many different levels of
neuronal circuitry, ranging
from molecular to systemic. Because there is no known way to reverse the
progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered to be
incurable; however research has shown that the two major contributing
factors to
neurodegeneration are oxidative stress and inflammation.
Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases
at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies (like proteinopathy) and induced cell death. These similarities suggest that
therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disease might
ameliorate other diseases as well. It is estimated that 50 million people
worldwide suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, and that by 2050 this
figure will increase to 115 million people.
Neuroscience -
Nervous System -
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurological Disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.
Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal
cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of
symptoms include
paralysis, muscle
weakness,
poor coordination,
loss of sensation, seizures,
dystonia,
confusion, pain, tauopathies,
and
altered levels of consciousness.
There are many recognized neurological disorders, some are relatively
common, but many are rare. Neurological disabilities include a wide range
of disorders, such as epilepsy, learning disabilities,
neuromuscular disorders,
autism,
ADD, brain tumors, and cerebral
palsy, just to name a few.
Researchers reveal a new approach for treating degenerative diseases.
Insights on the proteasome reveal a therapy target for misfolded protein
diseases. Proteins are the workhorses of life. Organisms use them as
building blocks, receptors, processors, couriers and catalysts. A
protein's structure is critical to its function. Malformed proteins not
only fail to carry out their tasks, they can accumulate and eventually gum
up the inner workings of cells. As a result, misfolded proteins cause a
variety of degenerative diseases, from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's to the
blinding disease retinitis pigmentosa. These disorders are currently
incurable. The ZIP7 protein ferries zinc ions within a cell. These ions
are exceedingly rare within the cytoplasm but abundant in proteins where
they often form part of the architecture and catalyze chemical reactions.
Scientists may have found how to diagnose elusive neuro disorder. The
discovery of a unique pattern of proteins in the spinal fluid of patients
may help with earlier diagnosis and new treatments for progressive
supranuclear palsy.
Progressive supranuclear palsy, a mysterious and deadly neurological
disorder, usually goes undiagnosed until after a patient dies and an
autopsy is performed. But now, researchers have found a way to identify
the condition while patients are still alive.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy is a rare brain disease described as
Parkinson's Disease on steroids.
Cognitive Decline
Subjective Cognitive Decline is the self-reported experience of
worsening or more frequent confusion or
memory loss. 1,2. It is a form of
cognitive impairment and one of the
earliest noticeable symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
Brain Fog -
Neurodegenerative
Mild Cognitive Impairment is the stage
between the expected
cognitive decline of normal aging and the more
serious decline of dementia. Mild
cognitive impairment is an early stage
of memory loss or other
cognitive ability
loss in individuals who maintain the ability to independently perform most
activities of daily living, such as language or visual/spatial perception.
Study links gene to cognitive resilience in the elderly. Researchers
have discovered that environmental enrichment appears to activate a
protein called MEF2, which controls a genetic program in the brain that
promotes resilience to cognitive decline.
Cases of cognitive decline in older people more than double in ten years.
Cases of cognitive decline in older people, where a doctor has assessed
someone following concerns about memory and noted their brain function has
been affected, have more than doubled over the past ten years.
Cognitive impairment has more than doubled since
2009, study suggests. Written by Annie Lennon on March 31, 2022 —
Fact checked by Alexandra Sanfins, Ph.D. Researchers investigated the
incidence of memory concerns and mild cognitive impairment over 10 years
among United Kingdom healthcare providers.
A five-minute scan of blood vessels in the neck during mid-life could
predict cognitive decline ten years before symptoms appear, claims new
UCL research funded by the British Heart Foundation (BHF).
Mef2 or
myocyte enhancer factor-2 proteins are a family of transcription factors
which through control of gene expression are important regulators of
cellular differentiation and consequently play a critical role in
embryonic development. In adult organisms, Mef2 proteins mediate the
stress response in some tissues. Mef2 proteins contain both MADS-box and
Mef2 DNA-binding domains.
Scientists reverse age-related memory loss in mice. Scientists have
successfully reversed age-related memory loss in mice and say their
discovery could lead to the development of treatments to prevent memory
loss in people as they age. Perineuronal nets in
neuroplasticity is the ability of the
brain to learn and adapt and to make memories.
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy is a term that
describes a prevalent condition with
impaired
memory and thinking in advanced age, often culminating in the
dementia clinical syndrome. In other words, the symptoms of
LATE are similar to those of Alzheimer's
disease.
Insulin-Degrading Enzyme is also known as insulysin or
insulin protease.
IDE is a large zinc-binding protease of the M16A metalloprotease subfamily known to cleave multiple short polypeptides that
vary considerably in sequence.
Clearing clumps of protein in aging neural stem cells boosts their
activity. Young, resting neural stem cells in the brains of mice store
large clumps of proteins in specialized cellular trash compartments known
as
lysosomes, researchers have found. As the cells age, they become less
proficient at disposing of these protein aggregates, and their ability to
respond readily to "make new neurons" signals wanes. Restoring the ability
of the lysosomes to function normally rejuvenates the cells' ability to
activate, the researchers found.
Sorting Protein in neurons defends against Neurodegenerative Disease.
A molecule known as
VPS35
detects and removes defective proteins from neurons. Researchers show for
the first time that VPS35 clears the brain of a potentially harmful
protein called
tau,
which otherwise accumulates and contributes to
neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
PH imbalance in brain cells may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
Study identifies potential drug targets to reverse problem found in tiny
organelles in astrocytes.
PH.
Human brain neurons re-entering the cell cycle age quickly shift to
senescence. This rare process is more common in neurodegenerative
disease and may provide pathogenic insights. Post-mitotic neurons in the
brain that re-enter the cell cycle quickly succumb to
senescence, and this
re-entry is more common in Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study.
The phenomenon may provide an opportunity to learn more about the
neurodegeneration process, and the technique used to make this discovery
is readily applicable to other inquiries about unique populations of cells
in the brain.
Tauopathy belongs to a class of
neurodegenerative
diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in
neurofibrillary or gliofibrillary tangles in the human brain. Tangles are
formed by hyperphosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein known
as tau, causing it to aggregate in an insoluble form. (These aggregations
of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are also referred to as paired helical
filaments). The precise mechanism of tangle formation is not completely
understood, and it is still controversial as to whether tangles are a
primary causative factor in the disease or play a more peripheral role.
Tau Imaging.
Two new genes linked to Alzheimer's disease discovered. Study of gene
expression in the
hippocampus also
identified hippocampus-related disease pathways. Hippocampal transcriptome-wide
association study and neurobiological pathway analysis for Alzheimer’s
disease.
Zombie
Cells are
cells
that can't die and are unable to perform the functions of a normal
cell and can broadcast inflammatory signals to the cells around them.
These zombie or senescent cells are implicated in a number of age-related
diseases including osteoarthritis; atherosclerosis; and neurodegenerative
diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. By preventing the
accumulation of these cells, they were able to diminish tau protein
aggregation, neuronal death and memory loss.
Senescence is
the gradual
deterioration of functional characteristics. The word senescence can
refer either to cellular senescence or to senescence of the whole
organism. Organismal senescence involves an increase in death rates and/or
a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of
an organism's life cycle.
Cellular Senescence.
Delirium
is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of
mental function. It often has
a fluctuating course, attentional deficits, and disorganization of
behavior. It typically involves other cognitive deficits, changes in
arousal (hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed), perceptual deficits, altered
sleep-wake cycle, and
psychotic
features such as
hallucinations and
delusions. Delirium itself is not a disease, but
rather a set of symptoms.
Dementia
is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often
gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough
to affect a person's daily functioning. Other common symptoms include
emotional problems, problems with language, and a decrease in motivation.
A person's consciousness is usually not affected. A dementia diagnosis
requires a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater
decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases also have a
significant effect on a person's
caregivers. Dementia is to die but not be dead, a living death.
Frontotemporal Dementia is the clinical presentation of
frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which is characterized by progressive
neuronal loss predominantly involving the
frontal or temporal lobes, and typical loss of over 70% of spindle
neurons, while other neuron types remain intact.
Researchers Successfully Reverse Cognitive Impairments in Mice with
Dementia. Dementia with
Lewy
bodies is a type of progressive dementia that leads to a decline in
thinking, reasoning and independent function. Its features may include
spontaneous changes in attention and alertness, recurrent visual
hallucinations, REM sleep behavior disorder, and slow movement, tremors or
rigidity.
Treating dementia with the healing waves of sound.
Ultrasound applied
to brain could help treat patients with dementia.
New protein linked to early-onset dementia identified. Scientists have
identified abnormal aggregates of a
protein
called TAF15 in the brains of individuals with early-onset dementia,
known as frontotemporal dementia, where the cause was not previously
known.
Leukotriene are a family of eicosanoid
inflammatory mediators produced
in leukocytes by the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential
fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.
Leukotrienes use lipid signaling to convey information to either the
cell producing them (autocrine signaling) or neighboring cells (paracrine
signaling) in order to regulate
immune responses. The production of leukotrienes is usually
accompanied by the production of histamine and prostaglandins, which also
act as inflammatory mediators. One of their roles (specifically,
leukotriene D4) is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining
the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in
asthma and allergic rhinitis.Leukotriene antagonists are used to treat
these disorders by inhibiting the production or activity of leukotrienes.
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase transforms essential fatty acids (EFA)
substrates into leukotrienes as well as a wide range of other biologically
active products.
Happiness in early adulthood may protect against dementia. Depressive
symptoms increase risk for cognitive impairment. While research has shown
that poor cardiovascular health can damage blood flow to the brain
increasing the risk for dementia, a new study indicates that poor mental
health may also take its toll on cognition.
Children who eat more fruit and veggies have better mental health.
Frontal Lobe
Disorder is an impairment of the frontal lobe that occurs due to
disease or
head trauma.
Benadryl is Linked to Higher Dementia Risk
Nonprescription Diphenhydramine
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis also known as
Lou Gehrig's disease and motor neurone
disease (MND), is a specific disease that causes the death of neurons
which control voluntary muscles. Some also use the term motor neuron
disease for a group of conditions of which
ALS
is the most common. ALS is characterized by stiff muscles, muscle
twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in
size. This results in difficulty speaking, swallowing, and eventually
breathing. The cause is not known in 90% to 95% of cases. About 5–10% of
cases are inherited from a person's parents. About half of these genetic
cases are due to one of two specific genes. The diagnosis is based on a
person's signs and symptoms with testing done to rule out other potential
causes. No cure for ALS is known.
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which
abnormal
protein, known as amyloid
fibrils, builds up in tissue. Symptoms depend on the type and are often
variable. They may include diarrhea, weight loss, feeling tired,
enlargement of the tongue, bleeding, numbness, feeling faint with
standing, swelling of the legs, or enlargement of the spleen. There are
about 30 different type of amyloidosis, each due to a specific
protein misfolding. Some are genetic while
others are acquired. They are grouped into localized and systemic forms.
The four most common types of systemic disease are light chain (AL),
inflammation (AA), dialysis (Aβ2M), and hereditary and old age (ATTR).
Diagnosis may be suspected when protein is found in the urine, organ
enlargement is present, or problems are found with multiple peripheral
nerves and it is unclear why. Diagnosis is confirmed by tissue biopsy. Due
to the variable presentation, a diagnosis can often take some time to
reach. Treatment is geared towards decreasing the amount of the involved
protein. This may sometimes be achieved by determining and treating the
underlying cause. AL amyloidosis occurs in about 3–13 per million people
per year and AA amyloidosis in about 2 per million people per year. The
usual age of onset of these two types is 55 to 60 years old. Without
treatment life expectancy is between half and four years. In the developed
world about 1 per 1,000 people die from amyloidosis. Amyloidosis has been
described since at least 163.
Secreted
Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha is a neuroprotective and
neurotrophic protein, derived from the same parent protein as neurotoxic
amyloid-ß. The levels of endogenous sAPPα are reduced in neurological
disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.
Brain Maintenance
-
Brain Food
-
Exercise -
Learning -
Laptops for Seniors -
Memory
Common degenerative brain disease may begin to develop in middle age.
Lewy body disease may be more common in middle-aged people than previously
thought.
Lewy body disease is the second most common brain degenerative disease
after Alzheimer's disease. Lewy bodies, deposits of alpha-synuclein
protein, are found in the brainstem, limbic system and cerebral cortex.
Similar tissue changes are also seen in patients clinically diagnosed with
Parkinson's disease. Lewy body disease can be difficult to recognize at
the beginning of the disease, as it progresses slowly. Symptoms often
include movement disturbances, memory problems and psychiatric symptoms.
Gum Bacteria implicated in Alzheimer's and other diseases. The
bacterium,
Porphyromonas gingivalis, is the bad actor involved in periodontitis,
the most serious form of
gum disease
that can travel throughout the body.
Influence of Education and Occupation on the incidence of
Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
are declining for people who are more educated.
Educated people are healthier overall, so keep
learning, especially new and valuable knowledge and
information.
Non-invasive Ultrasound Restores Memory
Alzheimer's Insulin Nose Spray
Donepezil
is a medication used in the palliative treatment of
Alzheimer's disease.
The
brain is directly connected to
the
immune system by meningeal
lymphatic vessels.
Every neurological disease has an immune component.
Lymphatic System
Brain Inflammation
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease is an incurable and universally fatal
neurodegenerative disease. CJD is at times called a human form of mad cow
disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE). However, given that BSE
is believed to be the cause of Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in
humans, the two are often confused. CJD is caused by an infectious agent
called a prion. Prions are misfolded proteins that replicate by converting
their properly folded counterparts, in their host, to the same misfolded
structure they possess. CJD causes the brain tissue to degenerate rapidly,
and as the disease destroys the brain, the brain develops holes and the
texture changes to resemble that of a kitchen sponge.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy commonly
known as
mad cow disease, is a
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and fatal neurodegenerative
disease in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected
flesh. BSE causes a spongiform degeneration of the brain and spinal cord.
BSE has a long incubation period, of 2.5 to 5 years, usually affecting
adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years. BSE is caused by a
misfolded protein—a prion. In the United
Kingdom, the country worst affected by an epidemic in 1986–1998, more than
180,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the
eradication program.
Researchers unravel how acidic conditions favor protein misfolding in
deadly diseases. -
PH
Serum Amyloid
A proteins are a family of
apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in
plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively
(constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to
inflammatory
stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These
proteins are produced predominantly by
the liver.
Lipids.
Prion is an infectious
agent composed entirely of
Protein material,
called PrP (short for prion protein), that can fold in multiple,
structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is transmissible to
other prion proteins, leading to disease that is similar to viral
infection. They are suspected to be the cause of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs) among other diseases.
Human
enzyme known as
cyclophilin 40 or CyP40, was found to preserve brain neurons and
rescued cognitive deficits in a mouse model.
Klotho in biology is an
Enzyme that in humans is encoded by
the KL gene. This gene encodes a type-I membrane protein that is related
to β-glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed
in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and this may be one of the
factors underlying the degenerative processes (e.g., arteriosclerosis,
osteoporosis, and skin atrophy) seen in CRF. Also, mutations within this
protein have been associated with ageing, bone loss and alcohol
consumption. Transgenic mice that overexpress Klotho live longer than
wild-type mice.
Beta-Secretase 1 is an
Enzyme that in humans is encoded by
the BACE1 gene. BACE1 is an aspartic-acid protease important in the
formation of
myelin sheaths in peripheral nerve cells.
The transmembrane protein contains two active site aspartate residues in
its extracellular protein domain and may function as a dimer.
Researchers have found that gradually depleting an enzyme called
BACE1 completely reverses the formation of
amyloid plaques in the brains of mice with Alzheimer's disease.
BACE1 deletion in the adult mouse reverses preformed amyloid deposition
and improves cognitive functions.
Human cyclophilin 40 is a heat shock protein that exhibits altered
intracellular localization following
heat shock.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a
coenzyme found in all living
cells. The compound is a
dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their
phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other
nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an
oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively. In
metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox
reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme
is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent –
it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This
reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate
electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD.
However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one
being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from
proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of
these functions, the
enzymes
involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery. In organisms,
NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the
amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more
complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin
called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down
the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a
salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is
also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP);
the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it
has different roles in metabolism. Although NAD+ is written with a
superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular
nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a
singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged
anion.
Age-Associated Increase in BMP Signaling inhibits Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Cell therapy could improve brain function for Alzheimer's disease.
Transplanting a special type of
inhibitory
interneuron into the brain restores cognitive functions in Alzheimer's
models, shows a new study.
Nav1.1
is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SCN1A gene.
Alzheimer's Caregiver Buddy help
caregivers manage their
personal stress, navigate family conflict and reach a 24/7 helpline.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
Hyperbaric
Medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater
than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component. The
treatment comprises hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), the medical use of
oxygen at an ambient pressure higher than
atmospheric pressure, and
therapeutic recompression for
decompression illness, intended to reduce the injurious effects of
systemic gas bubbles by physically reducing their size and providing
improved conditions for elimination of bubbles and excess dissolved gas.
The equipment required for hyperbaric
oxygen treatment consists of a
pressure chamber, which may be of rigid or flexible construction, and
a means of delivering 100% oxygen. Operation is performed to a
predetermined schedule by trained personnel who monitor the patient and
may adjust the schedule as required. HBOT found early use in the treatment
of decompression sickness, and has also shown great effectiveness in
treating conditions such as gas gangrene and
carbon monoxide poisoning.
More recent research has examined the possibility that it may also have
value for other conditions such as cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis,
but no significant evidence has been found. Therapeutic recompression is
usually also provided in a hyperbaric chamber. It is the definitive
treatment for
decompression sickness and may also be used to treat arterial gas
embolism caused by pulmonary barotrauma of ascent. In emergencies divers
may sometimes be treated by in-water recompression if a chamber is not
available and suitable diving equipment to reasonably secure the airway is
available. A number of hyperbaric treatment schedules have been published
over the years for both therapeutic recompression and hyperbaric oxygen
therapy for other conditions.
Diabetes drug reverses Alzheimer’s and could be available in five years.
Enhanced levels of a brain growth factor which protects nerve cell
functioning, reduced the amount of amyloid plaques in the brain linked
with Alzheimer's, reduced both chronic
inflammation and oxidative stress,
slowed down the rate of nerve cell loss.
Prosthetic Memory System successful in humans. A prosthetic system
that uses a person's own memory patterns to facilitate the brain's ability
to encode and recall memory. The study focused on improving episodic
memory, which is the most common type of memory loss in people with
Alzheimer's disease, stroke and head injury.
Blocking CD22 protein's activity with antibodies, investigators were able
to improve cognitive behavior in aging mice.
Mental Health Questions
Arts and Minds
is
improving the quality of life for people living with Alzheimer’s disease and
other dementias through engagement with art.
Brain Maintenance.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's
Disease is a long-term degenerative disorder of the
central nervous system that mainly
affects the
motor system. The
symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the
most obvious are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty
with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur. Dementia
becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and
anxiety are also common, occurring in more than a third of people with PD.
Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems.
Gut Microbes -
Constipation.
Parkinson's disease may start in the gut. Cells from the
gut's nervous
system are involved in Parkinson's disease, indicating that the disease
may start there. The nervous system is composed of hundreds of different
cell types with very different functions. A type of support cell in the
brain called
oligodendrocytes were
found to be affected early on, suggesting that they play a key role in the
early stages of the disease. The oligodendrocytes appear to be affected
even before the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease. Investigators have pinpointed a
molecular defect that seems almost universal among patients with
Parkinson's disease and those at a high risk of acquiring it. Parkinson's,
the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affects 35 million
people worldwide. Whereas 5%-10% of cases are familial -- the inherited
result of known genetic mutations -- the vast majority are sporadic,
involving complex interactions of multiple unknown genes and environmental
factors.
One-time treatment generates new neurons, eliminates Parkinson's disease
in mice. Inhibiting a single gene converts many cell types directly
into dopamine-producing neurons. Researchers have discovered that a single
treatment to inhibit a gene called PTB in mice converts native astrocytes,
brain support cells, into neurons that produce the neurotransmitter
dopamine. As a result, the mice's Parkinson's disease symptoms disappear.
The treatment works like this: The researchers developed a noninfectious
virus that carries an antisense oligonucleotide sequence -- an artificial
piece of DNA designed to specifically bind the RNA coding for PTB, thus
degrading it, preventing it from being translated into a functional
protein and stimulating neuron development.Antisense oligonucleotides,
also known as designer DNA drugs, are a proven approach for
neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. The researchers administered
the PTB antisense oligonucleotide treatment directly to the mouse's
midbrain, which is responsible for regulating motor control and reward
behaviors, and the part of the brain that typically loses
dopamine-producing neurons in Parkinson's disease. A control group of mice
received mock treatment with an empty virus or an irrelevant antisense
sequence. In the treated mice, a small subset of astrocytes converted to
neurons, increasing the number of neurons by approximately 30 percent.
Dopamine levels were restored to a level comparable to that in normal
mice. What's more, the neurons grew and sent their processes into other
parts of brain. There was no change in the control mice. By two different
measures of limb movement and response, the treated mice returned to
normal within three months after a single treatment, and remained
completely free from symptoms of Parkinson's disease for the rest of their
lives. In contrast, the control mice showed no improvement.
Researchers find a cause of Parkinson's disease. For the first time,
we can show that mitochondria, the vital energy producers within brain
cells, particularly neurons, undergo damage, leading to disruptions in
mitochondrial DNA[LP1] . This initiates and spreads the disease like a
wildfire through the brain. Our findings establish that the spread of the
damaged genetic material, the mitochondrial DNA, causes the symptoms
reminiscent of Parkinson's disease and its progression to dementia.
Parkinson's disease is a chronic condition that affects the central
nervous system, leading to symptoms such as difficulty walking, tremors,
cognitive challenges, and, eventually, dementia. The disease afflicts over
10 million people worldwide. While there is currently no cure, certain
medical treatments can offer relief from its symptoms.
New strategy shows potential to block nerve loss in neurodegenerative
diseases. Research into how key molecule triggers axon death may lead
to new therapies. Blocking this molecular executioner prevents axon loss,
which has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, from
peripheral neuropathies to Parkinson's disease, and glaucoma to
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Neural Implants.
Unlocking the secrets of the brain's dopaminergic system. Breakthrough
organoid model replicates essential neural network. A new organoid
model of the
dopaminergic system
sheds lights on its intricate functionality and potential implications for
Parkinson's disease. The model replicates the dopaminergic system's
structure, connectivity, and functionality.
Beware - Don't Believe Everything that you Hear
When seeking help
always get
a second or third opinion from a professional source or
a very intelligent well trusted friend or family
member. There's a lot of
fraud, false medical claims and
Doctors over prescribing medications. So please do your
homework especially with medications and treatment
alternatives. Be positive and be hopeful but don't be
Gullible. Not all Doctors are
Honest or Educated
so its not just about who you can trust.
Media
Literacy (propaganda).
Alert is to warn or arouse to a sense of
danger or call to a state of
preparedness. Engaged in or accustomed to
close observation. Mentally
perceptive and responsive. Condition of
heightened watchfulness or preparation for action.
The
National Council Against Health Fraud
Quack Watch -
Skeptic
Pseudoscientific -
Research Fraud
Skepticism -
Questioning

Related Subjects -
Information Sources
-
Suicide -
Depression -
Happiness -
Sanity -
Sleeping -
Memory
-
Marijuana Drug War
-
Victims of Crimes
-
Routines -
Interpersonal intelligence (People Smart)
-
Sexual Relationships
-
Drug Abuse -
Addictions -
Drug Abuse Recovery
Substance Abuse Treatments
Drug Rehabilitation
Alcohol
Prescription Drug Abuse
Tobacco Cigarettes Dangers
Therapy
Counseling
Support Groups
Learning Methods
Mental Health Resources
Meditation -
Relaxation - Hypnosis - Natural
Therapy's.
Breathing -
Scents
Vibrations -
Sound Shapes
Take a Break -
Silence
Pharmaceutical Industry
-

Things you should definitely know about the pharmaceutical
industry.
Research -
Bias in Research
Research not being Shared
DSM
Pharmaceutical Drugs in Public
Drinking WaterDeaths and Over
Doses from Prescription Drugs
Drug Errors
Women and Men have differences
when it comes to Medication.
Smart Drugs don't make you
smarterCitizen Science -
Do It Yourself Chemistry
Placebos
A Personal Experience with
Using Drugs.
Knowledge is the Greatest Drug
in the World. Have you taken your Knowledge Dose Today?"
Crutch -
Tolerance -
Parameters
Plants -
Gambling -
Program
Change -
High Functioning
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease is an infectious disease caused by
bacteria of the Borrelia type. The most common sign of infection is an
expanding area of redness, known as erythema migrans, that begins at the
site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred. The rash is
typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 25–50% of infected
people do not develop a rash. Other early symptoms may include fever,
headache and feeling tired. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the
ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pains, severe
headaches with neck stiffness, or heart palpitations, among others. Months
to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur.
Occasionally, people develop shooting pains or tingling in their arms and
legs. Despite appropriate treatment, about 10 to 20% of people develop
joint pains, memory problems, and feel tired for at least six months. Lyme
disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks of the
Ixodes genus. Usually, the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before
the bacteria can spread. In North America, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu
stricto and Borrelia mayonii are the cause. In Europe and Asia, the
bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are also causes of the
disease. The disease does not appear to be
transmissible between people, by
other animals, or through food. Diagnosis is based upon a combination of
symptoms, history of tick exposure, and possibly testing for specific
antibodies in the blood. Blood tests are often negative in the early
stages of the disease. Testing of individual ticks is not typically
useful. Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites such as by
wearing long pants and using DEET. Using pesticides to reduce tick numbers
may also be effective. Ticks can be removed using tweezers. If the removed
tick was full of blood, a single dose of doxycycline may be used to
prevent development of infection, but is not generally recommended since
development of infection is rare. If an infection develops, a number of
antibiotics are effective, including doxycycline, amoxicillin, and
cefuroxime. Treatment is usually for two or three weeks.Some people
develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment which may last
for one or two days. In those who develop persistent symptoms, long-term
antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful. Lyme disease is the
most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. It is
estimated to affect
300,000 people a year in the United States and 65,000
people a year in Europe. Infections are most common in the spring and
early summer. Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the
first time in 1975 in Old Lyme, Connecticut. It was originally mistaken
for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The bacterium involved was first
described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer. Chronic symptoms are well described
and are known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, although it is
often called chronic Lyme disease. Some healthcare providers claim that it
is due to ongoing infection; however, this is not believed to be true. A
previous vaccine is no longer available. Research is ongoing to develop
new
vaccines.
Ticks are small
arachnids,
part of the order
Parasitiformes. Along with
mites,
they constitute the subclass
Acari.
Ticks are
ectoparasites (
external parasites),
living by feeding on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles
and amphibians. Ticks had evolved by the Cretaceous period, the most
common form of fossilisation being immersed in amber. Ticks are widely
distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates.
Insects.
75% of all
Tick Bites happen
around the Home. Cleaning up the edge of your property can reduce
the number of ticks coming in the lawn by
as much as 70 percent. Remove brush, plants, tall grass and leaf
litter around your home, aiming for at least a 6-inch-wide clean area.
Place a 3-ft wide barrier of wood chips or gravel between lawns and wooded
areas to restrict tick migration into recreational areas.
Protection Against Ticks. Some Ticks may carry Lyme disease and other
diseases so here are some useful tips. Wear light colored clothing so the ticks
can be easily spotted. If is hunting season, then of course it’s a good idea to
wear orange. Apply insect repellent to skin and clothing and tuck pants into
socks. Examine clothing and skin for ticks often. Make sure your pet has a
good flea collar too. Remove them immediately with tweezers near to the
ticks head close to the skin. Do not use flammable liquid or matches to remove
ticks. After removing tick disinfect with soap and water, rubbing alcohol or
hydrogen peroxide. Record date and location of tick bite and if flu like
conditions appear please see a doctor.
Risk of disease is reduced if tick is
removed in 36 hours.
Guinea Fowl are a wonderful Tick Predator, especially for larger
properties (that are zoned for poultry) where they can roam free. Also
called
guinea hens, these birds eat ticks along with any other insect they
can find on the ground.
Insectary Plant are plants that attract insects.
Farming Tips.
Biological Pest Control is a method of controlling pests such as
insects, mites, weeds and
plant diseases
using other organisms.
Pesticides.
Acaricide are
pesticides that kill members of the
arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites. Acaricides are
used both in medicine and agriculture, although the desired selective
toxicity differs between the two fields.
Organic Pesticides.
Permethrin is sold under the brand name Nix among others, is a
medication and insecticide. As a medication, it is used to treat scabies
and lice. It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. As an
insecticide, it can be sprayed on
clothing or mosquito nets such that the insects that touch them die. Side
effects include rash and irritation at the area of use. Use during
pregnancy appears to be safe. It is approved for use in people over the
age of two months. Permethrin is in the pyrethroid family of medications.
It works by disrupting the function of the neurons of lice and scabies
mites.
American Lyme Disease Foundation -
Lyme Ticks
Powassan
Virus is a virus transmitted by ticks. The disease it causes is named after
the town of Powassan, Ontario, where it was identified in a young boy who
eventually died from it.
New synthetic DNA vaccine against Powassan virus. Vaccine protects
animals against tick-borne Powassan virus, an emerging infectious disease.
Scientists at The Wistar Institute have designed and tested the
first-of-its-kind synthetic DNA vaccine against Powassan virus (POWV),
targeting portions of the virus envelope protein. A rapidly reemerging
tick-borne disease, POWV has been reported to be fatal in 10% of infected
people with detrimental neurological consequences including encephalitis
and meningitis. This new POWV vaccine candidate, described in a paper
published today in PLOS Neglected Infectious Diseases, is one of many
emerging infectious disease DNA vaccine discoveries being advanced by the
Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center at The Wistar Institute.
A man in his 40s was infected with severe
fever with
thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) this summer through contact with his
pet dog who had passed SFTS onto him. The man became infected with the
disease after stroking and massaging his dog, which had previously been
bitten by an
ixodid tick -- an
arachnid
that spreads SFTS.
Since the early '90s, reported cases of
Lyme disease have tripled, to about 30,000
cases each year. And the CDC thinks the actual number is 10 times higher.
Under our Skin (hulu) - A great documentary about
Lyme Disease that shows how incompetent and corrupt some
doctors are.
So you are actually fighting two diseases instead
of just one. Creating two types of
Biofilms.
When
Anti-trust becomes Anti-human,
Disinformation becomes the biggest cause of cancer.