Permaculture - Forest Garden
Forest Gardening is a low maintenance
sustainable
plant-based food
production and
agroforestry system based on
woodland
ecosystems, incorporating
fruit and
nut trees,
shrubs,
herbs,
vines and
perennial vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans.
Making use of
companion planting, these can be
intermixed to grow in a succession of
layers, to build a
woodland
habitat.
Permaculture is a system of
agricultural and social design principles
centered on simulating or directly utilizing the patterns and features
observed in natural
ecosystems.
Biology.

Forest Garden with 1 Acre can Feed 5-10 People, only take 1 Day a Week Harvesting, and only 10 Days
a Year Maintaining.
Forest Gardening
is a low-maintenance
sustainable plant-based food production and
agroforestry system based on
woodland ecosystems, incorporating
fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial
vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans. Making
use of companion planting, these can be intermixed to grow in a
succession of layers, to build a woodland habitat.
Edible
Forest Gardens -
Plants for a
Future
The Most Abundant
Tropical Food Forest Tour Yet! (youtube)
Canopy in biology is the aboveground portion of a plant
community or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant
crowns. In forest ecology, canopy also refers to the upper
layer or
habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and
including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas,
arboreal animals, etc.). Sometimes the term canopy is used to
refer to the extent of the outer layer of leaves of an
individual tree or group of trees. Shade trees normally have a
dense canopy that blocks light from lower growing plants. Canopy
structure is the
organization or
spatial arrangement
(three-dimensional geometry) of a plant canopy. Leaf Area Index
(LAI), leaf area per unit ground area, is a key measure used to
understand and compare plant canopies. It is also taller than
the understory layer.
Canopy.
Layering
has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of
numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also
utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.
Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the
ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots. At a later
stage the connection with the parent plant is severed and a new
plant is produced as a result. The horticultural layering
process typically involves wounding the target region to expose
the inner stem and optionally applying rooting compounds. In
ground layering or simple layering, the stem is bent down and
the target region buried in the soil. This is done in plant
nurseries in imitation of natural layering by many plants such
as brambles which bow over and touch the tip on the ground, at
which point it grows roots and, when separated, can continue as
a separate plant. In either case, the rooting process may take
from several weeks to a year. Layering is more complicated than
taking cuttings, but has the advantage that the propagated
portion continues to receive water and nutrients from the parent
plant while it is forming roots. This is important for plants
that form roots slowly, or for propagating large pieces.
Layering is used quite frequently in the propagation of bonsai;
it is also used as a technique for both creating new roots and
improving existing roots.
Stratification refers to the
vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of
vegetation in layers. It classifies the layers (sing. stratum,
pl. strata) of vegetation largely according to the different
heights to which their plants grow. The individual layers are
inhabited by different animal and plant communities (stratozones).
(Shrub Layer - Sub-Tree Layer -
Tree Layer - Canopy Layer.
Natural
World: Farm for the Future).
Pruning - Grafting
Trees and Shrubs offer new Food Crops to Diversify the Farm.
A landscape should provide a variety of nutritious foods,
high-quality habitat, and ecosystem services, while also
delivering a healthy profit to the landowner.
Sustainable Farming -
Sustainable Landscaping -
Vertical Farming
Syntropic Farming is an intensive form of agroforestry that
imitates market gardening and slash and mulch agroforestry,
in order to provide yields at all stages of succession,
generate its own fertility, and with the end goal of
creating a productive forest that imitates the structure and
function of the native forests. Syntropic Farming is a specific
approach within agroforestry that aims to replicate and
accelerate natural ecological succession and stratification,
creating a productive and self-sustaining agroecosystem by
mimicking natural forest systems. Syntropic farming seeks to
replicate the structure and function of natural forests,
focusing on diverse plant communities and ecological processes.
It emphasizes the natural process of species changing and
evolving within a system, with each consortium creating
conditions for the next. Plants are arranged in layers or
strata, with taller trees providing support and shade for
smaller seedlings and shrubs, optimizing space and resource
utilization. The system relies on on-site organic matter, such
as pruning and removed plants, to create mulch and build soil
fertility, minimizing external inputs. Syntropic systems utilize
companion planting, where different plant species benefit each
other, enhancing growth and resilience. Syntropic farming is a
process-based approach, focusing on the natural processes of
ecosystem regeneration rather than solely on maximizing yields
through external inputs. While it mimics natural systems,
syntropic farming is also designed to be productive, with a
focus on food production as a result of the regenerative
processes. Syntropic systems promote a diverse range of plant
and animal species, creating resilient ecosystems. Regular
organic matter inputs naturally replenish soil nutrients,
improving soil structure and fertility. These systems can help
manage water resources, reduce soil erosion, and protect against
extreme weather events. By relying on on-site resources and
natural processes, syntropic farming minimizes the need for
fertilizers, pesticides, and other external inputs. Syntropic
farming aims to create a self-sustaining system that can provide
food and resources for the long term. Syntropic farming is a
specific approach within agroforestry, which is a broader
concept that involves integrating trees and shrubs into
agricultural systems. While both syntropic farming and
permaculture aim to create sustainable and regenerative systems,
syntropic farming is more focused on replicating natural forest
systems and optimizing productivity through carefully planned
plant successions.
Forest Farming is the cultivation of high-value specialty
crops under a forest canopy that is intentionally modified or
maintained to provide shade levels and habitat that favor growth
and enhance production levels. Forest farming encompasses a
range of cultivated systems from introducing plants into the
understory of a timber stand to modifying forest stands to
enhance the marketability and sustainable production of existing plants.
Forest landowner motivation to control invasive species depends
on land use, study shows. Many U.S. forests are privately
owned, particularly in the Eastern and North Central part of the
country. This makes control of invasive plants and pests
challenging because efforts must be coordinated across
landowners. A new study explores how differences in ownership
motivation affects willingness to control, and how economic
incentives can be implemented most efficiently. Currently,
conservation cost-share programs reimburse forest landowners for
up to 75% of the cost of controlling invasive species. However,
this is not necessarily the most efficient use of funds, Atallah
noted.
Agriculture in forests can provide climate and economic
dividends. Forest-based agroforestry can restore forests,
promote livelihoods, and combat climate change, but emerging
agroforestry initiatives focusing only on tree planting is
leading to missed opportunities to support beneficial outcomes
of forest management, scientists found.
New study assesses impact of agricultural research investments
on biodiversity, land use. Data analysis spans 1960s Green
Revolution to 2015. New, groundbreaking research shows how, at a
local scale, agricultural research and development led to
improved crop varieties that resulted in global benefits to the
environment and food system sustainability. The study is the
first to undertake a fine-scale analysis back to the early
1960s. The analysis incorporated global data from approximately
100,000 grid cells. Each cell covers an area measuring 27.2
square kilometers (10.5 square miles) at the equator. Grid cells
farther north and south of the equator become smaller because of
the Earth's curvature.
Forest Management
Forest
Management
is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative,
legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and
technical aspects, such as silviculture, protection, and forest
regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish,
recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood
products, forest genetic resources, and other forest resource
values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a
mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction,
planting and replanting of different species, cutting roads and
pathways through forests, and
preventing fire.
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing,
using, conserving, and
repairing forests and
associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values
for human and environment benefits
Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees
or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. This
intentional combination of agriculture and forestry has varied
benefits, including increased biodiversity and
reduced erosion. Agroforestry
practices have been successful in sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the United States.
Agroforestry shares principles with intercropping. Both may
place two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in close
proximity.
Sustainable
Forest Management
is the management of forests according to the principles of
sustainable development. Sustainable forest management has to
keep the balance between three main pillars: ecological,
economic and socio-cultural. Successfully achieving sustainable
forest management will provide integrated benefits to all,
ranging from safeguarding local livelihoods to protecting the
biodiversity and ecosystems provided by forests, reducing rural
poverty and mitigating some of the effects of climate change.
Forest
Informatics is the
combined science of Forestry and informatics, with a special
emphasis on collection, management, and processing of data,
information and knowledge, and the incorporation of informatic
concepts and theories specific to enrich forest management and
forest science; it has a similar relationship to library science
and information science.
Dendrochronology is the scientific method of
dating tree rings
(also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. As well as
dating them this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate
and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from wood.
Forest
Inventory is the systematic collection of data and forest information
for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of
timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain
ecosystems. When taking forest inventory
the following are important things to measure and note: species,
diameter at breast height (DBH), height, site quality, age, and
defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of
trees per acre, the basal area, the volume of trees in an area,
and the value of the timber.
Coppicing an area of woodland in which the trees or shrubs are, or
formerly were,
periodically cut back to ground level to stimulate growth
and provide firewood or timber. Coppicing is a traditional method of
woodland management which exploits the capacity of many species of trees
to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. In a coppiced
wood, which is called a copse, young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to
near ground level, known as a stool. New growth emerges and after a number
of years, the coppiced tree is harvested and the cycle begins anew.
Pollarding is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the
tree in order to prevent grazing animals from eating new shoots. Daisugi
(台杉, where sugi refers to Japanese cedar), is a similar Japanese
technique. Many silviculture practices involve cutting and regrowth;
coppicing has been of significance in many parts of lowland temperate
Europe. The widespread and long-term practice of coppicing as a
landscape-scale industry is something that remains of special importance
in southern England. Many of the English language terms referenced in this
article are particularly relevant to historic and contemporary practice in
that area. Typically a coppiced woodland is harvested in sections or coups
on a rotation. In this way, a crop is available each year somewhere in the
woodland. Coppicing has the effect of providing a rich variety of
habitats, as the woodland always has a range of different-aged coppice
growing in it, which is beneficial for biodiversity. The cycle length
depends upon the species cut, the local custom, and the use of the
product. Birch can be coppiced for faggots on a three- or four-year cycle,
whereas oak can be coppiced over a fifty-year cycle for poles or firewood.
Coppicing maintains trees at a juvenile stage, and most coppiced tree will
not ever die of old age; some coppice stools may therefore reach immense
ages. The age of a stool may be estimated from its diameter, and some are
so large—perhaps as much as 5.4 metres (18 ft) across—that they are
thought to have been continually coppiced for centuries.
Keyline Design
is a
landscaping technique of
maximizing the beneficial use of the water resources of a tract of land.
The "keyline" denominates a specific topographic feature related to the
natural flow of water on the tract. Keyline design is a system of
principles and techniques of developing rural and urban landscapes to
optimize use of their water resources.
Forest Ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated
patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The
management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and
forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland
unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms
(Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all
of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.
The forest ecosystem is very important.
Silviculture is the practice of controlling the
establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of
forests to meet diverse needs and values.
Alley Cropping.
Silvopasture or wood pasture, now also known as
agroforestry, is the practice of combining
woodland trees
and the
grazing of domesticated
animals in a mutually beneficial way. Advantages of a
properly managed silvopasture operation are enhanced soil
protection and increased long-term income due to the
simultaneous production of trees and grazing animals. The trees
are managed for high-value sawlogs, brushwood, foliage, fodder
and, at the same time, provide shade and shelter for livestock
and some forage, reducing stress and sometimes increasing forage
production. Silvopasture is Latin, silva forest.
Silvopastoral Systems are agroforestry
arrangements that purposely combine fodder plants, such as grasses and
leguminous herbs, with shrubs and trees for animal nutrition and
complementary uses.
Silvology is the biological science of studying forests and woods,
incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems, and the
effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term compliments
silviculture, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.
Horticulture is the culture of plants. Arboriculture is the management of
individual trees. Dendrology is the study of woody plants, a branch of
botany. Forestry is the management of forests and woods.
Forest Ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns,
processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of
forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A
forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants,
animals and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning
together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the
environment. The forest ecosystem is very important.
Perennial Agriculture is the cultivation of
crop species that live longer than two years without the need for
replanting each year. Perennial crops used in perennial agriculture are
grown worldwide in various climates and are adapted to local environmental
stressors.
City Farming.
Oak
Savanna is a type of savanna-or lightly forested grassland- where oaks
(Quercus spp.) are the dominant trees, the term oakery or woodlands is
also used commonly, though the former is more prevalent when referencing
the Mediterranean area. These savannas were maintained historically
through wildfires set by lightning, humans, grazing, low precipitation,
and/or poor soil. Although there are pockets of oak savanna almost
anywhere in North America where oaks are present, there are three major
oak savanna areas: 1) California, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon
in the west; 2) Southwestern United States and Mexico; and 3) the
prairie/forest border of the Midwest. There are also small areas of oak
savannas in other parts of the world. (See also Eastern savannas of the
United States for information on pine savannas of the U.S. South.)
The savanna biome is a type of grassland biome that consists of areas
of open grassland with very few trees. There are two kinds of savannas:
tropical and semi-tropical savannas.
Autecology is an approach in ecology that seeks to explain the
distribution and abundance of species by studying interactions of
individual organisms with their environments.
Climax Community is a biological community of plants, animals, and
fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the
development of vegetation in an area over time, have reached a steady
state. This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community
is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area.
The term is sometimes also applied in soil development. Nevertheless, it
has been found that a "steady state" is more apparent than real,
particularly if long-enough periods of time are taken into consideration.
Notwithstanding, it remains a useful concept.
Films about Forest Gardening and Permaculture
Martin
Crawford's 3 Dimensional Forest Garden (youtube 13 mins.)
300 Year Old Food Forest (youtube)
Forest
Gardening Explained - Low Maintenance (youtube)
"Permaculture
Trio" -- Forest Gardening, Edible Landscapes & Urban
Permaculture with Robert Hart (youtube)
Shubhendu Sharma: How to Grow a Tiny Forest Anywhere (video)
Satoyama
I Japans Secret Water Garden (youtube) -
Satoyama (wiki)
A Permaculture Food Forest (youtube)
Permaculture Principles at Work (youtube)
Permaculture
- A Quiet Revolution (video)
How to grow a forest in your backyard: Shubhendu Sharma
(video and interactive text)
Turning 90 Acres of
Waste Land into a Food Forest with a Bank of Traditional Seeds
(youtube)
Swaleny is
a edible forest garden on a floating platform barge
that is 110-foot by 30-foot. An Acre is 43,560 square feet.
Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops
(Book on Amazon by Martin Crawford).
Homestead
Paradise: got barren land, boosted it at a profit
(youtube) - In the early 90s, Mark and Jen Shepard bought a degraded corn
farm in Viola, Wisconsin, and began to slowly convert it from row-crops
back to a native oak savanna that would become one of the most productive
perennial farms in the country. Over the past nearly three decades, Mark
has planted an estimated 250,000 trees on the 106-acre farm. The main
agroforestry crops are chestnuts, hazelnuts, and apples, followed by
walnut, hickory, cherry, and pine (for the nuts). For short-term income,
the couple planted annual crops, like grains and asparagus, in alleys
between the fruit-and-nut-bearing trees. Cattle, pigs, lambs, turkeys, and
chickens act as pest control and free composters as they roam the savannas
of the farm. STUN stands for Sheer Total Utter Neglect.
Restoring
Agriculture -
New Forest Farm.
Permaculture
Permaculture is a system of agricultural and social design
principles centered on simulating or directly utilizing the
patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems.
Permaculture was developed, and the term coined by Bill Mollison
and David Holmgren in 1978. It has many branches that include
but are not limited to ecological design, ecological
engineering, environmental design, construction and integrated
water resources management that develops sustainable
architecture, and regenerative and self-maintained habitat and
agricultural systems modeled from natural ecosystems.
Permaculture -
Perma-Culture Design
Polyculture is agriculture using
multiple crops in the same
space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems.
Monoculture.
Common
Circle -
Earth Flow -
Permaculture Video
Seattle Builds Nations First Food Forest -
Home
Biome
Seeds of Permaculture -
Permaculture Education Cente
Composting -
CroppingEdible
Landscapes -
Foraging Wild Foods
Moringa
Oleifera young seed pods and leaves are used as vegetables.
It can also be used for water purification and hand washing, and
is sometimes used in herbal medicine. It is a fast-growing,
drought-resistant tree, native to the southern foothills of the
Himalayas in northwestern India.
Moringa -
Miracle Trees.
Fruit Tree is a tree which bears
fruit that is consumed or
used by humans and some animals —
all trees that are flowering
plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of
flowers
containing one or more
seeds. In horticultural usage, the term
'fruit tree' is limited to those that provide fruit for human
food. Types of fruits are described and defined elsewhere (see
Fruit), but would include "fruit" in a culinary sense, as well
as some nut-bearing trees, such as walnuts.
Fruit Tree
Planting -
Tree Values
Edible Plants List (wiki)
-
Soil Testing -
Botany (plants)
Occidental Art & Ecology -
The Land Institute
Urban Forestry is the care and management of single trees
and tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of
improving the urban environment. Urban forestry advocates the
role of trees as a critical part of the urban infrastructure.
Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate
tree and forest preservation, conduct research and promote the
many benefits trees provide. Urban forestry is practiced by
municipal and commercial arborists, municipal and utility
foresters, environmental policymakers, city planners,
consultants, educators, researchers and community activists.
Nurseries
Plant Nursery
is a place where plants are propagated and grown to usable size.
They include retail nurseries which sell to the general public,
wholesale nurseries which sell only to businesses such as other
nurseries and to commercial gardeners, and private nurseries
which supply the needs of institutions or private estates. Some
retail and wholesale nurseries sell by mail. Nurseries may
supply plants for gardens, for agriculture, for forestry and for
conservation biology. Some nurseries specialize in one phase of
the process: propagation, growing out, or retail sale; or in one
type of plant: e.g., groundcovers, shade plants, or rock garden
plants. Some produce bulk stock, whether seedlings or grafted,
of particular varieties for purposes such as fruit trees for
orchards, or timber trees for forestry. Some produce stock
seasonally, ready in springtime for export to colder regions
where propagation could not have been started so early, or to
regions where seasonal pests prevent profitable growing early in
the season.
Start a Plant Nursery Business
Start a Plant Nursery
Nursery Business
How to Start a Profitable Backyard Plant Nursery
Forest Farm
Walnut Tree Nursery (youtube)
Sawmill
is a facility where logs are cut into lumber. Prior to the
invention of the sawmill, boards were rived (split) and planed,
or more often sawn by two men with a whipsaw, one above and
another in a saw pit below.
Forest Protection -
Trees
Gristmill
grinds grain into flour. The term can refer to both the grinding
mechanism and the building that holds it. (Sorghum Mill).
Farmers
Markets
Land and Water Management
Danny Woo International District Community Garden Seattle, Wash.
Emergent Layer (tropical rainforest)
Ornamental Food Scapes
RuBisCO is an enzyme involved in the first major step of
carbon
fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is
converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to
energy-rich molecules such as glucose. In chemical terms, it
catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also
known as RuBP). It is probably the most abundant enzyme on
Earth.
Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center
Photosynthetic Vesicle Architecture and Constraints on Efficient
Energy Harvesting
Temperate Agroforestry Research: considering multifunctional
woody polycultures and the design of long-term field trials.
Agronomy Day is a collaborative field day hosted by the
Department of Crop Sciences in partnership with several academic
units in the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental
Sciences (ACES). From nitrogen management to drone
demonstrations Agronomy Day shares cutting-edge research with
practical implications for your farm or business. CEU and CCA
credits are available during tour stops.
Edible Landscapes - Growing Food instead of Non-Edible Plants
Edible Lawns
-
Edible Landscaping
-
Edible Landscapes London
From Lawns to Edible Landscapes (youtube)
Pam Warhurst Edible Landscapes (video)
Seeds -
Grass -
Plant Maintenance