Learning Society
Learning Society is the process of
learning as
an activity, and not just a place, and is thus decentralized and deregulated.
Increasing focus on
social networking,
by using the
shared learning experiences of individuals as a basis for a
larger network of education and drawing on elements of systems to
facilitate the ability for
lifelong
learning in the individual and
cultural groups.
Threshold Knowledge.

Learning Community is a
group of people who share common
academic goals and attitudes, who meet semi-regularly to
collaborate on
classwork.
Learning communities provide students with a small-group experience in
a big university. You'll find people with similar interests,
peer mentor support
and opportunities that create an instant support network for your social
and academic activities.
Public Service -
Forums
-
Meetings -
Polls
Co-Production is where technical experts and other groups
co-generate new knowledge and technologies.
It is the
dynamic interaction between technology and society.
Collaborative Learning -
Social Capitol -
Social Progress -
Human Capital -
Big 5
Service Learning is an educational approach that
combines learning objectives with
community service in order to provide a pragmatic,
progressive learning experience
while meeting societal needs.
Learning Economy in when
knowledge is the crucial resource
and
learning is tcohe most important process.
Healthy Consumption.
Education Initiatives -
Adult Education
Learning Organization facilitates the
learning of its
members and continuously transforms itself.
Rural
Empowerment Association for Community Help or REACH helps community
members to meet their
basic human needs through equitable access to
quality education, employment, housing, socialization and youth programs.
Community Engagement refers to the
process by which
community
benefit organizations and individuals build ongoing, permanent
relationships for the purpose of applying a collective vision for the
benefit of a
community.
Community Education also known as community-based education
or
community learning and
development refers to an organization's programs
to
promote learning and social development work with individuals and
groups in their communities using a range of formal and informal methods.
Mentoring -
Tutoring -
Communication -
Public Service
Community
Development is a
process where
community members
come together
to take
collective action and generate solutions to common problems.
Personal Development.
Principles of Community Engagement -
PDF -
Communities ideas
-
Surveys
Lateral Communication is the exchange, imparting or
sharing of
information, ideas or feelings between people within a community, peer
groups, departments or units of an organization who are at or about the
same
hierarchical level as each other for the
purpose of coordinating
activities, efforts or fulfilling a
common purpose or
goal.
Social Change includes changes in nature, social institutions, social
behaviors, or social relations.
Community of Practice is a group of people who share a
craft and/or a profession. And then use the process of sharing information
and experiences to learn from each other, and have an opportunity to
develop themselves personally and professionally.
Community Practice also known as macro practice is a
branch of
social work in the United
States that focuses on larger social systems and social change, and is
tied to the historical roots of United States social work. The field of
community practice social work encompasses
community organizing, social
planning, human service management, community development, policy
analysis, policy advocacy, evaluation, mediation, electronic advocacy and
other larger systems interventions.
Capacity
Building is a conceptual approach to social or personal development
that focuses on understanding the obstacles that inhibit people,
governments, international organizations and non-governmental
organizations from realizing their development goals while enhancing the
abilities that will allow them to achieve measurable and sustainable
results.
A sustainable future is based on a learning society. A holistic
transformation is needed for the planet to accommodate people's pursuit of
well-being. A new study explores a Theory of Planetary Social Pedagogy as
a driver of a transformative process based on a learning society. Social
pedagogy has been defined as a holistic approach towards children's
experiential learning. It is about constantly creating and providing
opportunities for learning through interaction with children; joint
activities; being in a relationship and connection to others. Theory of
planetary social pedagogy provides a theoretical framework for formal,
nonformal, and informal education. People and societies and the world are
an interlinked, systemic entity. Such a worldview can make life
meaningful, increase people's experiences of belonging and inclusion,
expand the scope of care, and help people identify their opportunities to
influence.
Knowledge Based Economy
Knowledge Building Communities is a community in which the primary goal is
Knowledge Creation rather than the
construction of specific products or the completion of tasks. This notion
is fundamental in Knowledge building theory. If knowledge is not realized
for a community then we do not have knowledge building. Examples of KBCs
are Classrooms, Academic research teams, Modern management companies,
Modern business R&D groups,
Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation together with its millions of
Wikipedians).
Knowledge Management -
Knowledge Consumption
Knowledge Based Economy (PDF) -
Knowledge Preservation
Knowledge Based Economy is the use of
knowledge to generate tangible and intangible values.
Technology and in particular knowledge technology help to transform a part
of human knowledge to machines. This knowledge can be used by decision
support systems in various fields and generate
economic values. Knowledge
economy is also possible without technology. (savoir,
savoir-faire, savoir-être).
Knowledge Ecosystem is an approach to
Knowledge Management
which claims to foster the dynamic evolution of knowledge interactions
between entities to improve
decision-making and
innovation
through improved evolutionary networks of
collaboration.
Knowledge
Economy is the use of knowledge to generate tangible and intangible
values.
Knowledge Market
is a mechanism for
distributing knowledge
resources.
Knowledge Environment are social practices, technological and physical
arrangements intended to facilitate collaborative knowledge building,
decision making, inference or discovery, depending on the epistemological
premises and goals.
Knowledge Building addresses the need to educate people for
the knowledge age society, in which knowledge and innovation are
pervasive. Learning is internal, (almost) unobservable process that
results in changes of beliefs, attitudes, or skills. By contrast,
Knowledge building is seen as creating or modifying public knowledge. KB
produces knowledge that lives ‘in the world’, and is available to be
worked on and used by other people.
Knowledge
Society shares and makes available to all members of the society
knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition. A knowledge
society differs from an information society in that the former serves to
transform information into resources that allow society to take effective
action while the latter only creates and disseminates the raw data.
Democratization of Knowledge is the acquisition and spread
of knowledge amongst the common people, not just privileged elites such as
clergy and academics. Libraries—public libraries in particular—and modern
digital technology such as the internet—play a key role in the
democratization of knowledge, as they provide open access of information to the masses.
Open Knowledge Foundation is a global, non-profit network
that promotes and shares information at no charge, including both content
and data.
Distributed Knowledge is all the knowledge that a community
of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed
knowledge is approximately what "a wise man knows" or what someone who has
complete knowledge of what each member of the community knows knows.
Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a
community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring
to bear to solve a problem. Other related phrasings include cumulative
knowledge, collective knowledge, pooled knowledge, or the wisdom of the
crowd. Distributed knowledge is the union of all the knowledge of
individuals in a community.
Free Knowledge Foundation is an organization aiming to
promote Free Knowledge, including Free Software and Free Standards. It was
founded in 2004 and is based in Madrid, Spain.
Knowledge Mobilization -
Ecology and Society
Access to Knowledge Movement is a collection of civil
society groups, governments, and individuals converging on the idea that
access to knowledge should be linked to fundamental principles of justice,
freedom, and economic development.
Information Age
Information
Society is the creation,
distribution, use, integration and
manipulation of information as a significant economic, political, and
cultural activity. Its main driver are digital information and
communication technologies, which have resulted in an information
explosion and are profoundly changing all aspects of social organization,
including the economy, education, health, warfare, government and
democracy. The People who have the means to partake in this form of
society are sometimes called digital citizens. This is one of many dozen
labels that have been identified to suggest that humans are entering a new
phase of society.
Information Overload
-
Filtering -
Information
Stations
Information Economy is an economy with an increased emphasis
on informational activities and information industry.
Information Ecology marks a connection between ecological ideas with
the dynamics and properties of the increasingly dense, complex and
important digital informational environment and has been gaining
acceptance in a growing number of disciplines. "Information ecology" often
is used as metaphor, viewing the informational space as an ecosystem.
"Information ecology is a science which studies the laws governing the
influence of information summary on the formation and functioning of
biosystems, including that of individuals, human communities and humanity
in general and on the health and psychological, physical and social
well-being of the human being; and which undertakes to develop
methodologies to improve the information environment" - (Alexei
Eryomin1998).
Information
Industry are industries that are information intensive in one way or
the other. It is considered one of the most important economic sectors for
a variety of reasons.
Information
Revolution describes current economic, social and technological trends
beyond the Industrial Revolution. Information is a factor of production
(along with capital, labor, land (economics)), as well as a product sold
in the market, that is, a commodity. As such, it acquires use value and
exchange value, and therefore a price. All products have use value,
exchange value, and informational value. The latter can be measured by the
information content of the product, in terms of
innovation, design, etc.
Digital Revolution (wiki).
Information Age is regarded as a time in which
information has become a commodity that is quickly and
widely disseminated
and easily available especially through the use of computer technology.
Information has a unique quality as a resource and a commodity, the
utility of which, in combination with its other values, is so pervasive as
to result in the now common appellation given to the period of history
ahead as "the information age. Information Age is a period in human
history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the
Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy
based on information computerization.
Information Age -
Ages.
Network Society
is the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the
spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies.
Network Economy
is the emerging economic order within the information society.
Social Networking -
Human Search Engine
Personal Learning
Network is an informal learning network that consists of the
people a learner interacts with and derives knowledge from in a
personal learning environment.
In a PLN, a person makes a connection with another person with the
specific intent that some type of learning will occur because of that
connection.
Networked
Learning is a process of developing and
maintaining
connections with people and information, and communicating in such a way
so as to support one another's learning. The central term in this
definition is connections. It takes a relational stance in which learning
takes place both in relation to others and in relation to learning
resources.
Digital Culture is a period in human history characterized
by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution
brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information
computerization.
Internet (Global Brain)
Sharing - The ability to
share
knowledge across a community is what has allowed us go to the moon, to
build cars and freeways, to make milkshakes and movies, to veg out in
front of the TV, to do everything that we can do by virtue of living in
society.
Millennium Development Goals
Collaboration -
Collaboration Ecology (PDF)
Urban Ecology Collaborative -
Cooperative
Collaborative Learning
Service Learning is an educational approach that combines
learning objectives with
community service
in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while
meeting societal needs.
National Service Scheme is an Indian government-sponsored
public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports of the Government of India.
Place-Based Education seeks to help communities through
employing students and school staff in solving community problems.
Decentralization -
Politics -
Non Governmental Organization (NGO)
Learning Methods -
Teaching -
Open Curriculum
TZM Orientation -
American Community Survey
Knowledge Divide -
Gov
Together BC
Commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to
all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water,
and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned
privately. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups
of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective
benefit. Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and
values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism. Commons can
be also defined as a social practice of governing a resource not by state
or market but by a community of users that self-governs the resource
through institutions that it creates
Activity Theory a line of eclectic social sciences theories
and research with its roots in the Soviet psychological activity theory
pioneered by Sergei Rubinstein in 1930s.
Tools for Learning
- Tools for Sharing Knowledge
Open
Data -
Beta
NYC -
Google
Public DataData
Center Kids Count
National
Consortium For Data Science -
Graphs
Citizenship initiatives (IBM)
Investigative Dashboard
Alaveteli
Popcorn
Webmaker
Citizens Connect -
Open Knowledge
Knowledge Management -
Data Visualization Tools
Information Stations
Collaboration -
KM
Internet -
Big Data
Open Data
InstituteThe ODI
Open Data Institute to connect, equip and inspire people
around the world to innovate with data.
Open Source
Service Oriented Architecture in computer software design is
an architectural style where in services are provided to the other
components by application components, through a communication protocol
over a network. The basic fundamental principles of service oriented
architecture is independent of vendors, products and technologies. A
service is a discrete unit of functionality that can be accessed remotely
and acted upon and updated independently. It logically represents a
business activity with a specified outcome. It is self-contained. It is a
black box for its consumers. It may consist of other underlying services.
Ben Wellington: How we found the worst place to park in New York
City using Big Data (video)
Gov
Delivery has more than 1,800 public sector agencies that use our
end-to-end solutions to connect with more of their citizens. Our customers
use GovDelivery to increase digital engagement, grow their digital
audience by cross-promoting content, build communities around data, and
create modern training experiences.
Social Constructivism maintains that human development is
socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with
others.
Constructivism International Relations significant aspects
of international relations are historically and socially constructed,
rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential
characteristics of world politics.
Opportunity Management is a process to identify business and
community development opportunities that could be implemented to sustain
or improve the local economy.
Social Capital -
Human Capital -
Working Together
-
Benefit Corporation
Strategic corporate social responsibility can create social, economic
value. Strategic corporate
social responsibility efforts that are directly related to a
hospitality company's core business operations and competencies can help
companies create both social and business value, according to researchers.
Community
Organization covers a series of activities at the community
level aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well being
of individuals, groups and neighborhoods.
Promise Neighborhoods
mission is to improve educational outcomes for students in distressed
urban and rural neighborhoods.
European
Union (EU) Spatial Data Infrastructure.
Economy-Wide Sensor Network and Data Resource.
OzNome: Imagine that all of the data and information about
Australia was linked and readily accessible to those with a
right and and need to use it. Imagine that this information was
connected seamlessly to our knowledge base as encapsulated in
various predictive models. Imagine a world where fit-for-purpose
information, necessary for a particular activity, regardless of
the scale of that activity, is available as and when it is
needed, ready for use, delivered to where it is needed,
sensitive to any privacy concerns.
Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian Government - CSIRO.
Public Forums - Meetings
Town Hall Meeting is an informal
public meeting, function,
or event open to everybody in a town
community and held at the local
municipal building. Attendees generally
present ideas, voice their
opinions,
ask questions of the public figures, elected officials, or
political candidates at the town hall. Attendees rarely
vote on an issue
or
propose an alternative to a situation. It is not used outside of this
secular context.
Wisdom of the Crowd -
Assembly -
Fair Trial -
Informed -
Feedback
Loop
Town Meeting is a form of
direct democratic rule used to
discuss
or
debate issues.
Meeting is a
formally
arranged gathering or
a small informal
social gathering. The social act of
assembling for some common
purpose. The act of
joining together as one. Obtain something that is
wanted or needed.
Public Participation holds that those
who are affected by a
decision have a
right to be involved in the
decision-making process. Right
to public
participation is similar to the
right to information.
Agenda
is a temporally
organized plan for matters to be attended to. A list of
matters to be taken up at a meeting.
Agenda is a
list of meeting activities in the order in which they are to be taken up,
beginning with the call to order and ending with adjournment. It usually
includes one or more specific items of business to be acted upon. It may,
but is not required to, include specific times for one or more activities.
A notebook is used to organize and maintain such plans or lists. Also know
as an agenda book or an agenda planner.
Hidden Agenda.
Stakeholder Engagement is the process by which an organization
involves people who may be affected by the
decisions it makes, and thus influence the implementation of its
decisions. They may support or oppose the decisions, be influential in the
organization or within the community in which it operates, hold relevant
official positions or be affected in the long term.
Activism -
Consumer Protection
Public Sphere is an area in social life where individuals can
come
together to
freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through
that discussion influence political action. A "Public" is "of or
concerning the people as a whole." Public Sphere is a
place common to all,
where ideas and
information can be exchanged. Such a discussion is called
public debate and is defined as the expression of views on matters that
are of concern to the public—often, but not always, with opposing or
diverging views being expressed by participants in the discussion. Public
debate takes place mostly through the mass media, but also at meetings or
through social media, academic publications and government policy
documents.
Collaboration -
Social Learning -
Information Age -
Open -
Transparent -
Knowledge Divide
Agora
was a central
public space in
ancient Greek city-states. It is the best representation of a city-state's
response to accommodate the social and political order of the polis. The
literal meaning of the word "agora" is "
gathering
place" or "
assembly". The
agora was the center of the athletic, artistic, business, social,
spiritual and political life in the city. The Ancient Agora of Athens is
the best-known example.
Community -
Civics -
Public Space (parks)
Symposium is a conference or meeting to discuss a particular subject.
A meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially
one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations. A
collection of essays or papers on a particular subject by a number of
contributors. A drinking party or convivial discussion that was held in
ancient Greece after a banquet.
Conference is a
prearranged meeting for
consultation
or exchange of information or
discussion, especially one with a formal
agenda. A discussion among participants who have agreed on a topic.
Commission -
Public Opinion
-
Committee -
Group Discussion -
Social Networks -
Citizen Journalism
Public is something that is
not private and is
open to the
public or concerning the people as a whole. A body of
people sharing some common
interest.
General
Public are groups of individual people and the totality of such
groupings.
Gathering is an
assembly or meeting, especially
a social or festive one or one held for a specific purpose. a set of
printed signatures of a book, gathered for binding.
Forum is a public
meeting or
assembly for open
discussion. Forum is a place,
meeting, or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be
exchanged. An internet message board where users can post messages on a
topic of shared interest.
Internet Forum
is an
online discussion site
where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. They
differ from chat rooms in that messages are often longer than one line of
text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access
level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be
approved by a moderator before it becomes publicly visible.
Public Forum is a property that is
open to public expression and
assembly. Public forums being
described in two types: traditional and designated. A traditional public
forum is where speech/expression is
supported by the first amendment and when the government's ability to
regulate speech is reduced like a sidewalk or state park.
Public Forum Debate is a style of
debate for teams of two. Individuals
give short (2-4 minute) speeches; these are interspersed with 3 minute
"crossfire" sections, questions and answers between opposed debaters. The
winner is determined by a single judge who also serves as a referee
(timing sections, penalizing incivility, etc).
City Council Meeting - All Council and
Council Committee meetings are open to the public, with the exception of "
closed
session" meeting items. Members of the public may comment on agenda
items either at Council Committee meetings or Council meetings. A
public meeting refers to a meeting that is
open to the public. A
public hearing is
open to the public but is regarding a specific proposal/project. A
public forum also called an open forum, is
open to all expression that is protected under the
First Amendment.
City Council Meeting Procedure -
Call to Order: The Mayor or Mayor Pro Tem,
officially
calls the meeting to order
by announcing the date and time. Pledge of Allegiance.
Roll Call: The Deputy City Clerk reads the
roll for members present.
Motion to Approve
City Council Minutes of Previous Meeting(s).
Motion to Deviate: Special presentations, such as awards,
promotions, etc., are made at this time.
Mayor's
Report: Mayor's opportunity to make announcements or discuss
issues.
Ward Reports: Alderman may make
announcements or discuss issues.
Meeting Open to
the Public: During a 20 minute period, the public is invited to
present comments regarding any item not included on the agenda.
Pending: Ordinances being presented for 2nd
reading.
Consent: Ordinance being presented
for the 1st reading. (If the 1st reading is being waived, it will be under
New Business on the agenda.)
New Business:
Items from the agenda needing a motion and vote for passage.
Discussion Items: There may be times that
City Council Members, City Manager, or Department Heads request to discuss
certain items on the regular agenda.
Other
Business & Reports: During this segment of the meeting the Mayor
makes appointments to committees/commissions, and makes proclamations.
Executive Session: The City Council
recesses to meet in private to discuss matters such as personnel issues,
land acquisitions and /or litigation. No final action is ever taken in
Executive Session. The City Council reconvenes back in open session where
they may take action on matters discussed in Executive Session.
Adjournment: The Mayor officially calls for
a motion to adjourn the meeting. A vote is taken and the meeting
concludes.
Ordinance a piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
local ordinance is a law issued by a local government such as a
municipality, county, parish,
prefecture, or the like.
Variance is
a request by a property owner to
deviate
from current zoning laws for any number of reasons. A zoning law, or
zoning ordinance, is put in
place by a local governing body to dictate how property in a particular
area or zone can be utilized. Waivers, conditional use permits, eminent
domain.
Moratorium is a delay or suspension of an activity or a law. In a
legal context, it may refer to the temporary suspension of a law to allow
a legal challenge to be carried out.
Public Information Film are a series of government
commissioned short films.
Informed Public.
Conferred is
to have a conference in order to
talk
something over.
Convention is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place
and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest.
Caucus
is a
closed political meeting. A group of
like-minded people with shared concerns. A meeting to select a candidate
or promote a policy.
Referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to
vote on a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a
new law.
Proposal
is a written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer.
Business
proposals are often a key step in the complex sales process—i.e., whenever
a buyer considers more than price in a purchase. A proposal puts the
buyer's requirements in a context that favors the seller's products and
services, and educates the buyer about the capabilities of the seller in
satisfying their needs.
Motion in
democracy is a formal step to
introduce a matter for
consideration by a group. It is a common concept in the procedure of trade
unions, students' unions, corporations, and other deliberative assemblies.
Motions can be oral or in writing, the written form being known as a
resolution.
Arbitration -
Meeting Tips -
Diplomacy
-
Democracy -
Public Announcements
Thing
Assembly was the governing
assembly of a Germanic society,
made up of the
free people of the community presided over by law speakers.
Its meeting-place was called a thingstead.
Right to Assemble and
Petition -
Freedom of Speech -
Public Forum Laws
Civility - Controlling
unruly public meetings and when meetings get out of hand.
Decorum is behavior in keeping with good
taste and propriety, or the quality of
conforming to conventionally
accepted standards of behavior or morals.
Social Decorum (wiki)
Charrette is a meeting in which all stakeholders in a project attempt
to
resolve conflicts and
map solutions. charrettes often take
place in multiple sessions in which the group divides into sub-groups.
Each sub-group then presents its work to the full group as material for
further dialogue. Such charrettes serve as a way of quickly generating a
design solution while integrating the aptitudes and interests of a diverse
group of people. Although the structure of charrettes may vary, the
general idea of a charrette is to create an innovative atmosphere in which
a diverse group of stakeholders can collaborate to "generate visions for
the future". Compare this term with workshop.
Internet Forum is an online discussion site where people can hold
conversations in the form of posted messages. They differ from chat rooms
in that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least
temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the
forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator
before it becomes visible.
Adjournment sine die is the conclusion of a meeting by a deliberative
assembly, such as a legislature or organizational board, without setting a
day to reconvene. The assembly can reconvene, either in its present form
or a reconstituted form, if preexisting laws and rules provide for this.
Otherwise the adjournment effectively dissolves the assembly.
Recess is a temporary interruption or it
could mean a longer break, such as one for the holidays or for the summer.
Congress recesses for the month of August.
Lame-Duck Session of Congress in the United States occurs whenever one
Congress meets after its successor is elected, but before the successor's
term begins. It refers to any meeting of Congress that occurs between a
congressional election in November and the following January 3 is a lame
duck session. The significant characteristic of a lame duck session is
that its participants are the sitting Members of the existing Congress,
not those who will be entitled to sit in the new Congress. Lame duck
sessions since 1935 have typically lasted about a month. The length of the
recess preceding a lame duck session has also varied.
Minutes also known as
protocols
or, informally, notes, are the instant
written record of a meeting or hearing. They typically describe the
events of the meeting and may include a list of attendees, a
statement of
the issues considered by the participants, and
related responses or
decisions for the issues. Minutes may be created during the meeting by a
typist or court reporter, who may use shorthand notation and then prepare
the minutes and issue them to the participants afterwards. Alternatively,
the meeting can be audio recorded,
video recorded, or a group's appointed
or informally assigned secretary may take notes, with minutes prepared
later. Many government agencies use
minutes recording software to record
and prepare all minutes in real-time. Minutes are the official written
record of the meetings of an organization or group. They are
not
transcripts of those proceedings. Using
Robert's Rules of Order Newly
Revised or RONR, the minutes should contain mainly a record of what was
done at the meeting, not what was said by the members. The
organization
may have its own rules regarding the content of the minutes. For most
organizations or groups, it is important for the minutes to be terse and
only include a
summary of the decisions. A verbatim report
or transcript is
typically not useful. Unless the organization's rules require it, a
summary of the discussions in a meeting is neither necessary nor
appropriate. The minutes of certain groups, such as a corporate board of
directors, must be kept on file and are important legal documents. Minutes
from board meetings are kept
separately from minutes of general membership
meetings within the same organization. Also, minutes of executive sessions
may be kept separately. Committees are not required to keep formal minutes
although less formal notes may be taken. For committees, their formal
records are the reports submitted to their parent body.
Transcript a written record of spoken language or recorded speech.
Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation
of language in written form.
Document
Writing.
Verbatim
Report refers to an account that records everything that was said
during a conversation in the exact wording that was used at the time. The
most known usage of verbatim writing is done in court, by the stenographer
who records everything said.
Court Reporter is a person whose occupation is to capture the
live testimony in proceedings using a
stenographic machine and transforming same into an official certified
transcript by nature of their training, certification, and usually
licensure. This can include courtroom hearings and trials, depositions,
sworn statements, and more.
Stenotype is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by
stenographers for shorthand use. A trained court reporter or
closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225
words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of
literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively.
Subtitles is text derived from a transcript.
Consortium -
Group Decisions -
Committee -
Working GroupQuorum is a
gathering of the
minimal number of members of an organization to conduct
business.
Hearing is a
proceeding before a
court or other
decision-making body or officer, such
as a government agency or a Parliamentary committee. A hearing is
generally distinguished from a
trial in that it is usually shorter and
often less formal. In the course of litigation, hearings are conducted as
oral arguments in support of
motions,
whether to resolve the case without further
trial on a motion to dismiss
or for
summary judgment, or to decide discrete issues of law, such as the
admissibility of evidence, that will determine how the trial proceeds.
Limited
evidence and testimony may also be presented in hearings to
supplement the legal
arguments.
Committee is a body of one or more persons that is
subordinate to a deliberative assembly. Usually, the assembly sends
matters into a committee as a way to explore them more fully than would be
possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have
different functions and the type of work that each committee does would
depend on the type of organization and its needs.
Steering Committee is a committee that
decides on the priorities or order of business of an organization and
manages the general course of its operations. Monitoring the quality of
the project as it develops and provides advice and sometimes making
decisions) about changes to the project as it develops. The Steering
Committee provides support, guidance and oversight of progress. Members do
not usually work on the project themselves.
Task Force is a unit or formation established to work on a
single defined task or activity.
Seminar is bringing
together small groups of people for recurring meetings, focusing each time
on
some particular subject,
in which everyone present is requested to participate. This is often
accomplished through an ongoing
Socratic dialogue with a seminar leader or
instructor, or through a more formal presentation of research. It is
essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can
be raised and debates can be conducted.
Unanimous Consent is a situation in which no member present objects to
a proposal. The principle behind it is that procedural safeguards designed
to protect a minority can be waived when there is no minority to protect.
Sometimes members do not want a formal recorded vote on the issue, or they
know that they would lose such a vote and do not feel a need to take time
on it. Action taken by unanimous
consent does not
necessarily mean that it was taken by a unanimous vote. It does not
necessarily mean that every member of the body would have voted in favor
of the proposal. It may mean that members feeling that it would be useless
to oppose a matter would simply acquiesce. Unanimous
consent can be
obtained by the chair asking if there are any objections to doing
something. For instance, the chair may state, "If there is no objection,
the motion will be adopted. [pause] Since there is no objection, the
motion is adopted. If no member objects, the motion is adopted. But if any
member objects, the motion is not adopted and cannot be agreed to without
a formal vote. Raising an objection does not necessarily imply that the
objector disagrees with the proposal itself. They may simply believe that
it would be better to take a formal vote. Matters believed to be
noncontroversial are placed on the consent agenda, and they are all
adopted by a single motion. If any member objects to one or more items on
the consent agenda, the items objected to are removed from the consent
agenda and handled in the ordinary course. Unanimous consent is frequently
used to approve the minutes. If no one has corrections to the minutes,
they are approved without a formal vote by unanimous consent. In this
special case of unanimous consent, the only way to object to the approval
of the minutes is to offer a correction to it.
Stone Walling -
Filibuster -
Corruption -
Lobbyists
Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation. Groups may
consider unanimous decisions as a sign of social, political or procedural
agreement, solidarity, and unity. Unanimity may be assumed explicitly
after a unanimous vote or implicitly by a lack of objections. It does not
necessarily mean uniformity and can sometimes be the opposite of majority
in terms of outcomes.
Speaking in Front of an Audience
Public
Speaking is the process, or act of
performing a
speech to a
live audience. This speech is
deliberately structured with three general
purposes:
to inform, to persuade, and to entertain. Closely allied to
"
presenting," although the latter is more often associated with commercial
activity, public
speaking is commonly understood as formal,
face-to-face
talking of a single person to a group of listeners.
Famous Speeches (inspiration) -
Public Speaking (youtube) -
Flow -
Public Announcement
Address is the act of delivering a
formal spoken communication to an
audience. To give a speech. The manner of speaking to another individual.
Declamation is a recitation of a speech
from memory with studied gestures and intonation as an exercise in
elocution or rhetoric.
Demagogue.
Glossophobia refers to a strong
fear
of public speaking. It is a specific type of
phobia, an
anxiety disorder characterized by
a persistent and excessive
fear of
an object or situation.
Speechwriter is a
person who is hired to prepare and write
speeches that will be delivered
by another person. Speechwriters are employed by many senior-level elected
officials and executives in the government and private sectors. They can
also be employed to write for weddings and other social occasions.
Cold Reading is reading aloud from a
script or other text with little or no
rehearsal,
practice or study in
advance. Sometimes also referred to as sight reading, it is a technique
used by
actors and
other performers in theatre, television, and film performance fields. Cold
readings are common in performance classes, and furthermore are employed
frequently in actor auditions to allow the producer or playwright to get a
general idea of the actors' performing capabilities. They are also
employed by playwrights who need to hear their play read aloud for the
first time by actors, and as such they form an initial integral component
of the collaborative creative theatrical process, which may or may not
include the eventual production of the play itself. (Public performances
of cold readings also serve as entertainment in their own right,
particularly in the context of community theater, and less public readings
can serve as creative incubators for more established playwright and
theatrical talent during the course of play development.) Many actors and
other performers and public speakers take classes and practice at length
to improve the quality of their cold readings. Cold reading can also be
used in conjunction with improvisations to gauge a performer's ability to
perform new works. A good dramatic cold reader is able to communicate with
fluency and clarity and to project speech rhythms and rhymes well. The
reader should also be able to bring out the intent, mood and
characterization of a piece through appropriate articulation and body
language.
Writing Tips.
Extemporaneous Speech involves the
speaker's use of notes and some
embellishment to deliver a speech. Some
speakers use a manuscript speech.
This is a delivery where the speaker reads every word from a pre-written
speech.
Extemporaneous Speaking is a limited-preparation speech event based on
research and original analysis.
Lecture is an
oral presentation intended to present
information or
teach people about a particular subject, for example by a
university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical
information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's
speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation
may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at
the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's
content.
Presentations (charts and
graphs) -
Performance
Keynote in public speaking is a talk that establishes a main
underlying theme. In corporate or commercial settings, greater importance
is attached to the delivery of a keynote speech or keynote address. The
keynote establishes the framework for the following programme of events or
convention agenda; frequently the role of keynote speaker will include
that of convention moderator. It will also flag up a larger idea – a
literary story, an individual musical piece or event.
Motivation Speaker.
Mediation -
Arbitration -
Medium -
Debating -
Argument
Moderator is someone who presides over a
forum or debate. Someone who
mediates disputes and attempts to avoid violence. The moderator role
is to act as a neutral participant in a debate or discussion, holds
participants to time limits and tries to keep them from straying off the
topic of the questions being raised in the
debate.
Moderator is an elected official who presides over the Town Meeting
form of government.
Discussion Moderator
is a person whose role is to act as a
neutral participant in a debate or
discussion, holds participants to time limits and trying to keep them from
straying off the topic of the questions being raised in the debate.
Sometimes moderators may ask questions intended to allow the debate
participants to fully develop their argument in order to ensure the debate
moves at pace. In panel discussions commonly held at academic conferences,
the moderator usually introduces the participants and solicits questions
from the audience. On television and radio shows, a moderator will often
take calls from people having differing views, and will use those calls as
a starting point to ask questions of guests on the show. Perhaps the most
prominent role of moderators is in political debates, which have become a
common feature of election campaigns. The moderator may have complete
control over which questions to ask, or may act as a filter by selecting
questions from the audience.
Spokesperson is someone engaged or elected to speak on
behalf of others.
Front-Man.
"Everyone brings
something to the table. no matter who you are or where you are from, or
what disability you may have, everyone has something valuable to share,
everyone."
Sometimes negative feedback is where
someone just wants to
discredit you without any evidence or facts to prove
their opinion. The same problem with positive feedback, sometimes people
just want to credit
you without any evidence or facts that proves that you deserve the
credit, so it may end up giving you a
false
sense of security, or have you appreciate someone or something under
false pretenses. Feedback needs to be accurate and factual without
bias.
"We need to teach people how to be consumers of knowledge and information instead of consumers of
inferior products that actually lower the quality of life,
and cause more harm then good.
Consuming knowledge and
information on a daily basis is good for you, just like exercising and eating healthy."
National Speakers Association is a US based association that supports
professional speakers. It is the oldest and largest of 13 international
associations comprising the Global Speakers Federation.
Speakers Bureau is a collection of speakers who talk about a
particular subject, or a company, which operates to facilitate speakers
for clients requiring motivational speakers, celebrity appearances,
conference facilitators, or keynote speakers. A speakers bureau will hold
a database of personalities from diverse fields such as politics, sports,
business, television, and comedy. The speaker bureau team initiates the
introduction between speaker and client and supports both parties from the
primary stages of making contact throughout the booking and logistics
process. Clients requiring speakers are usually businesses, corporations,
charities, educational or public institutions. A speakers bureau helps
client and speaker negotiate a speaking fee, a payment awarded to an
individual for speaking at a public event. This fee is usually set by the
speaker or the speaker’s agent. Logistics can be dealt with by the
speakers bureau, like fees, transport, accommodation and timing, or
communication between speaker and client. Speakers bureaus come in various
forms and traditionally charge a commission of the speaking fee for their
services. However, with the rise of the Internet, alternative business
models have found a place. Few online platforms allow an organization and
speaker to connect with each other directly and without the need of an
agency. Traditional speakers bureaus are able to provide a more hands on
experience for the client and handle contracts, negotiations, and other
issues that may arise in the booking process. A motivational speaker or
keynote speaker is a professional speaker who speaks publicly with the
intention of inspiring and motivating a relevant audience. In a business
context, they are employed to clearly communicate company strategy and
assist employees to see the future in a positive light and inspire workers
to come together as a team.
Speaking Fee is a payment awarded to an individual for speaking at a
public event. Motivational speakers, businesspersons, facilitators, and
celebrities are able to garner significant earnings in speaking fees or
honoraria. In 2013, $10,000 was considered a lower limit for speakers
brokered by speakers bureaus, $40,000 a regular fee for well-known
authors, and famous politicians were reported to charge about $100,000 and
more. In contrast, speakers in academic conferences and similar events
rarely get significant speaking fees or any at all. Sometimes speakers
will even pay for attending and presenting at a conference, although it is
fairly common that they are rewarded with free attendance. Researchers and
academics consider conference presentations an honour and necessary for
their careers, rather than a service. Scientists who become popular
authors or otherwise famous are an exception, and can earn similar sums as celebrities.
Words that Flow
Cadence is the way that
your words flow. It is the
rhythm
sequence or the
flow of sounds in which you
speak, the words you choose to
emphasize, and the
up and down movement of your pitch throughout your
sentences.
People can express their personalities by distinct speech patterns.
Cadence includes a series of short phrases and pauses between phrases,
while effectively using
articulation, deliberateness,
pitch, volume and
syllable length. Emotion responds to the beginnings and endings of a
sentence.
Writing Tips -
Profanity -
Roundabout Speech
Speech Tempo is a measure of the number of speech units of a given
type produced within a given amount of time. Speech tempo is believed to
vary within the speech of one person according to contextual and emotional
factors, between speakers and also between different languages and
dialects. However, there are many problems involved in investigating this
variance scientifically.
Isochrony is the
postulated rhythmic division of time into equal portions by a language.
Rhythm is an aspect of prosody, others being intonation, stress, and tempo
of speech. Three alternative ways in which a language can divide time are
postulated: The duration of every syllable is equal (syllable-timed); The
duration of every mora is equal (mora-timed). The interval between two
stressed syllables is equal (stress-timed).
Prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not
individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of
syllables and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such
as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Such elements are known as
suprasegmentals. Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or
the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the
utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or
sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus. It may otherwise reflect other
elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or by choice of
vocabulary.
Intonation is variation in spoken pitch when used, not for
distinguishing words as sememes (a concept known as tone), but, rather,
for a range of other functions such as indicating the attitudes and
emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and
questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on
important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate
conversational interaction. (The term tone is used by some British writers
in their descriptions of intonation but to refer to the pitch movement
found on the nucleus or tonic syllable in an intonation unit.)
High Rising
Terminal also known as upspeak, uptalk, rising inflection, upward
inflection, or high rising intonation (HRI), is a feature of some variants
of English where declarative sentence clauses end with a rising-pitch
intonation, until the end of the sentence where a falling-pitch is
applied.
Public Forum Free Speech Laws - Section 230
Forum in United States constitutional law, a forum is a property that
is open to public expression and assembly. A public forum, also called an
open forum, is open to all expression that is protected under the
First Amendment. Streets, parks, and
sidewalks are considered open to public discourse by tradition and are
designated as traditional public forums.
The government creates a
designated public forum when it intentionally opens a nontraditional forum
for public discourse. Limited public forums, such as municipal meeting
rooms, are nonpublic forums that have been specifically designated by the
government as open to certain groups or topics. Traditional public forums
cannot be changed to nonpublic forums by governments. The use of public
forums generally cannot be restricted based on the content of the speech
expressed by the user. Use can be restricted based on content, however, if
the restriction passes a strict scrutiny test for a traditional and
designated forum or the reasonableness test for a limited forum. Also,
public forums can be restricted as to the time, place and manner of
speech. In the 1972 case Grayned v. City of Rockford, the Supreme Court
found that "The nature of a place, the pattern of its normal activities,
dictate the kinds of regulations of time, place, and manner that are
reasonable." In determining what is reasonable, the Court stated that
"[the] crucial question is whether the manner of expression is basically
incompatible with the normal activity of a particular place at a
particular time." Thus, protesters have the right to march in support of a
cause, but not on a public beach during the middle of the day with
bullhorns.
A nonpublic forum is not
specially designated as open to public expression. For example, jails,
public
schools, and military bases are nonpublic forums (unless declared
otherwise by the government, which says that
it's
their forum and not your forum, so if you want to speak your mind,
you have to do it somewhere else. Ignoring feedback will always have risks,
especially when there is no
oversight or
accountability).
Such forums can be restricted based on the content (i.e., subject matter)
of the speech, but not based on viewpoint. Thus, while the government
could prohibit speeches related to abortion on a military base, it could
not permit a pro-life speaker while denying a pro-choice speaker (or vice
versa). Regardless of the type of forum, any exclusion must be done on a
viewpoint neutral basis. Exclusion based on the speaker’s viewpoint is
unconstitutional. The 1988 decision in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier relied on
the notion of a public forum in determining the degree to which a public
school newspaper that has not been determined as such a forum can be
protected by the First Amendment. The Court decided that such newspapers
are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection than
independent student newspapers established (by policy or practice) as
forums for student expression.
Time, Place, or Manner
Restrictions (free speech abuse) -
Comment Form Monitoring
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act is a 1996 landmark piece
of Internet legislation in the United States, codified at 47 U.S.C. § 230.
Section 230(c)(1) provides immunity from liability for providers and users
of an "interactive computer service" who publish information provided by
third-party users:
No provider or user of an
interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker
of any information provided by another information content provider.
Section 230 was developed in response to a pair of lawsuits against
Internet service providers in the early 1990s that had different
interpretations of whether the services providers should be treated as
publishers or distributors of content created by its users. It was also
pushed by the tech industry and other experts that language in the
proposed CDA making providers responsible for indecent content posted by
users that could extend to other types of questionable free speech. After
passage of the Telecommunications Act, the CDA was challenged in courts
and ruled by the Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
(1997) to be partially unconstitutional, leaving the Section 230
provisions in place. Since then, several legal challenges have validated
the constitutionality of Section 230. Section 230 protections are not
limitless, requiring providers to remove criminal material such as
copyright infringement; more recently, Section 230 was amended by the Stop
Enabling Sex Traffickers Act in 2018 to require the removal of material
violating federal and state sex trafficking laws. Passed at a time where
Internet use was just starting to take off, Section 230 has frequently
been referred as a key law that has allowed the Internet to flourish,
often referred to as "The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet". (
Title
V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996).
47 U.S. Code §?230. Protection for Private Blocking and Screening of
Offensive Material. Online intermediaries that host or republish
speech are protected against a range of laws that might otherwise be used
to hold them legally responsible for what others say and do. The protected
intermediaries include not only regular Internet Service Providers (ISPs),
but also a range of "interactive computer service providers," including
basically any online service that publishes third-party content. Though
there are important exceptions for certain criminal and intellectual
property-based claims, CDA 230 creates a broad protection that has allowed
innovation and free speech online to flourish.
So how do we protect
people from
propaganda,
false advertising,
perjury,
hate speech,
slander and
toxic leadership?
Public Opinion - Surveys - Citizen Feedback
Sampling in
statistics is concerned with the selection of a subset of
individuals from within a statistical
population to
estimate
characteristics of the whole population. Two advantages of sampling are
that the cost is lower and
data collection
is faster than measuring the entire population. Each
observation measures
one or more properties (such as weight, location, color) of observable
bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey
sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample
design, particularly stratified sampling. Results from
probability theory
and
statistical theory are employed to guide the practice. In business
and
medical research, sampling
is widely used for gathering information about a population. Acceptance
sampling is used to determine if a production lot of material meets the
governing specifications. The sampling process comprises several stages:
Defining the population of concern. Specifying a sampling frame, a set of
items or events possible to measure. Specifying a sampling method for
selecting items or events from the frame. Determining the
sample size.
Implementing the sampling plan. Sampling and data collecting.
Government Watchdogs.
Selection Effect
is the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way
that
proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the
sample obtained is
not representative of the population intended to be
analyzed.
Margin of Error is a
statistic
expressing the amount of
random
sampling error in the
results of a survey. The
larger the margin of error, the less confidence one should have that a
poll result would reflect the result of a survey of the entire population.
The margin of error will be positive whenever a population is incompletely
sampled and the outcome measure has positive variance, which is to say,
the measure varies. The term margin of error is often used in non-survey
contexts to indicate
observational error
in reporting measured quantities.
Voting has the same type of problems -
Testing also has the same type of problems.
Deliberative Opinion Poll is a form of
opinion poll that incorporates
the principles of
deliberative democracy. The typical deliberative opinion
poll takes a random, representative sample of
citizens and engages them in
deliberation on current issues or proposed policy changes through
small-group discussions and conversations with competing experts to create
more informed and reflective public opinion. A typical polling utilizes
participants drawn from a random and representative sample to engage in
small-group deliberations to create more informed and reflective public
opinion. Deliberative polls have been tested around the world, including
in the European Union, the United States, China, and Australia.
Manipulating Public Opinion
Push Poll is an
interactive
marketing technique, most commonly employed during
political
campaigning, in which an individual or organization attempts to
manipulate
or alter prospective voters' views
under the guise of conducting an
opinion poll. The pollster asks
leading questions or
suggestive questions
that "push" the interviewee toward adopting an unfavorable response
toward the political candidate in question. Large numbers of voters are
contacted with little effort made to collect and analyze voters' response
data. Instead, the push poll is a form of telemarketing-based
propaganda
and
rumor mongering, masquerading as an opinion poll. Push polls may rely
on innuendo, or information gleaned from opposition research on the
political opponent of the interests behind the poll.
Generally, push polls are viewed as a form of
negative campaigning.
I'm always disappointed in most
public
surveys because most are so ignorant and so wasteful,
mostly because all the questions that they ask are not even clear
enough to be answered correctly,
like most tests. And most of these surveys are
created by
ignorant and
corrupt politicians who will only
exploit people for their opinions, and not actually help them like they
claim they will. An
opinion poll that seeks peoples
opinions has to be
informative and educational at the same time, otherwise it is a
total waste of paper, time, people and resources. And the worst
part is that most of the time the information from surveys will
most likely be exploited, which will waste even more time,
people and resources. So one part of the
statistical survey should be about getting valuable feedback
from people, and one part
should be about explaining the
questions, and one part should be about
providing important
information and important knowledge pertaining to the subjects.
When you give people more information and more knowledge about
subjects, it helps people understand more about the facts of the
subject so that people can now have a more
informed opinion.
People should only answer the questions that they
can accurately answer. People should also
know what they're voting for. Plus you
should always show previous survey numbers and how that particular
information was used to make changes. You want to let people know that
their opinions matter, but more importantly, you have to use those moments
as a chance to educate people more about their surroundings and show them
other ways of how they can help make improvements without having to wait
for changes, changes that will never come or changes that will come with a
huge price to pay.
You have to make sure that people are not
just
phishing.
Response Bias -
Recall Bias -
Memory Flaws
Phishing is the fraudulent attempt to obtain
sensitive information by a person who is
disguising themselves as a trustworthy entity. Phishing is an example of
social engineering techniques being used
to deceive people.
Stalking Horse is a candidate put forward to serve a hidden,
ulterior purpose in a
political campaign, such as testing
the field for another potential candidate by gauging voter sentiment or
covertly helping another candidate by attracting voters away from a third
candidate. (idiomatic, by extension) A person, thing, or expedient used in
a deceptive manner, to achieve some hidden purpose.
Patsy -
Puppet.
Misuse of Statistics in when
misleading information can trick
the casual observer into believing something other than what the data
shows.
Cherry Picking Data
-
Gerry Mandering -
Employment
Numbers -
Vague Information -
Trick Questions -
Media
Keywords
Be aware of people asking your opinion,
because a lot of these people are just
phishing
for information, information that can be used to either
exploit you or to
manipulate you. Like when
politicians ask people what's important to them. People will say
education, jobs, better health care, lower prices, lower crimes, more
security, more regulation, less regulation, better oversight. Then the
politician will use those
keywords
in their speeches to make it look like that they will do something to
solve a particular problem, which they seldom do. Broken promises start
with a promise to do something, which they don't, it was just a lie to win
your vote. What voters want from their representatives is less bullshit,
less corruption and more work.
Publicity Stunts.
Informing the Public
Public Awareness Campaigns can motivate changes in behavior in a
number of ways as well as making people
well-informed so that
they make wiser consumer choices.
Public Awareness Campaign
(PDF) -
Public Awareness Campaign (PDF)
Public Service Announcement is a message in the public
interest disseminated by the media without charge, with the objective of
raising awareness, changing public attitudes and behavior towards a social
issue.
Activism
(social participation) -
Public Service -
Public Interest
Community
Organizing is a process where people who live in proximity
to each other
come together
into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest.
Community Action.
Public
Inquiry is an official review of events or actions ordered
by a government body.
Right to Information.
Ratings -
Evaluations -
Research Resources
Census is the procedure
of systematically acquiring and recording information about the
members of
a given population.
Canvassing is the
systematic initiation of
direct contact with individuals, commonly used
during political campaigns. Canvassing can be done for many reasons:
political campaigning, grassroots fundraising, community awareness,
membership drives, and more. Campaigners knock on doors to contact people
personally. Canvassing is used by political parties and issue groups to
identify supporters,
persuade the undecided, and add voters to the
voters
list through voter registration, and it is central to get out the vote
operations. It is the core element of what political campaigns call the
ground game or field.
Polls
Straw
Poll provides dialogue among movements within
large groups. Impromptu
straw polls often are taken
to see if there is enough support for an idea
to devote more meeting time to it, and (when not a secret ballot) for the
attendees to see who is on which side of a question. However, in meetings
subject to Robert's Rules of Order, straw polls are not allowed. Among
political bodies, straw polls often are scheduled for events at which many
people interested in the polling question can be expected to vote.
Sometimes polls conducted without ordinary voting controls in place (i.e.,
on an honor system, such as in online polls) are also called "straw
polls". The idiom may allude to a straw (thin plant stalk) held up to see
in what direction the wind blows, in this case, the wind of
group opinion.
Poll
Everywhere.
Proportional Representation characterizes
electoral systems by which
divisions into an electorate are reflected
proportionately into the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a
particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that
party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the
result: not just a plurality, or a bare majority, of them. The most
prevalent forms of proportional
representation all
require the use of multiple-member
voting
districts (also called super-districts), as it is not possible to fill
a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR
that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include
districts with large numbers of seats. The most widely used families of PR
electoral systems are party list PR, the single transferable vote (STV),
and mixed member proportional representation (MMP).
Counting.
Tally Voting an unofficial private
observation of an election
count
carried out under Proportional Representation using the Single
Transferable
Vote.
Initiative is a
means by which a
petition signed by a certain minimum number of
registered voters can force a
public vote (plebiscite).
Majority
is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. It is a subset of a
set consisting of more than half of the set's elements.
Opinions
Public Opinion is the collective
opinion on a specific topic or
voting
intention relevant to a society.
Passive
Conformists.
Opinion Poll is a human research survey of public opinion from a
particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to
represent the
opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then
extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence intervals. A
person who conducts polls is referred to as a pollster.
Comments -
Feedback
(cause and effect)
Opinion Poll is a human research survey of
public opinion from a
particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the
opinions of a group of people by conducting a series of questions and then
extrapolating
generalities in
ratio or within confidence intervals. This is not
scientific research so accuracy is
unreliable.
Public Opinion Measuring (PDF) -
Question and Answer Formats
Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts
public opinion polls. Gallup Poll results,
analysis, and videos are published daily in the form of data-driven news.
Surveys
Survey in Human Research is a list of
questions aimed at
extracting
specific data from a particular group of people. Surveys may be conducted
by phone, mail, via the internet, and sometimes face-to-face on busy
street corners or in malls. Surveys are used to increase knowledge in
fields such as social research and demography. Survey research is often
used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. Surveys can be specific
and limited, or they can have more global, widespread goals.
Psychologists and Sociologists often use surveys to analyze behavior, while it is also
used to meet the more pragmatic needs of the media, such as, in evaluating
political candidates, public health officials, professional organizations,
and
advertising and marketing directors. A survey consists of a
predetermined set of questions that is given to a sample. With a
representative sample, that is, one that is representative of the larger
population of interest, one can describe the attitudes of the population
from which the sample was drawn. Further, one can compare the attitudes of
different populations as well as look for changes in attitudes over time.
A good sample selection is key as it allows one to generalize the findings
from the sample to the population, which is the whole purpose of survey
research.
Number
Needed to Educate?
Survey is a
detailed critical inspection. Short descriptive summary (of events).
Consider in a comprehensive way. Look over carefully or inspect. Make a
survey of; for statistical purposes.
Survey Sampling describes the
process
of selecting a
sample of elements from a target population to conduct a
survey. The term "survey" may refer to many different types or techniques
of
observation. In survey sampling it
most often involves a
questionnaire
used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different
ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the
subject of survey data collection. The purpose of sampling is to reduce
the cost and/or the amount of work that it would take to survey the entire
target population. A survey that
measures
the entire target population is called a census. Survey samples can be
broadly divided into two types: probability samples and non-probability
samples. Probability-based samples implement a sampling plan with
specified probabilities (perhaps adapted probabilities specified by an
adaptive procedure). Probability-based sampling allows design-based
inference about the target population. The inferences are based on a known
objective probability
distribution that was specified in the study protocol. Inferences from
probability-based surveys may still suffer from many types of bias.
Surveys that are not based on
probability
sampling have greater difficulty measuring their
bias or sampling error. Surveys based
on non-probability samples often fail to represent the people in the
target population.
Health Surveys.
Survey Data Collection are any of a number of ways in which data can
be collected for a statistical survey. These are methods that are used to
collect information from a sample of individuals in a systematic way.
First there was the change from traditional paper-and-pencil
interviewing (PAPI) to computer-assisted interviewing (CAI). Now,
face-to-face surveys (CAPI), telephone surveys (CATI), and mail surveys (CASI,
CSAQ) are increasingly replaced by web surveys.
General Social Surveys -
Survey Monkey -
Types of Surveys (wiki)
Survey
Methodology studies the
sampling of individual units from a
population
and the associated survey
data collection techniques, such as
questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and
accuracy of responses to surveys. Survey methodology includes instruments
or procedures that ask one or more questions that may, or may not, be
answered. Statistical surveys are undertaken with a view towards making
statistical inferences about the population being studied, and this
depends strongly on the survey questions used. Polls about
public opinion,
public health surveys, market research surveys, government surveys and
censuses are all examples of quantitative research that use contemporary
survey methodology to answer questions about a population. Although
censuses do not include a "sample", they do include other aspects of
survey methodology, like
questionnaires, interviewers, and nonresponse
follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds
of public information and research fields, e.g., marketing
research,
psychology, health professionals and sociology.
Gallup analytics and
advice about the attitudes and behaviors of employees, customers.
Question and Answer
Websites can provide great feedback. But you also need to
print out these forms for people without access to technology.
every News Paper in the world needs to print out Q&A's at least
once a week.
Check Sheet
is a form or
document used to
collect
data in real time at
the location where the data is generated. The data it captures can be
quantitative or qualitative. When the information is quantitative, the
check sheet is sometimes called a
tally sheet.